NATURE OF FUNGI. 13 
deprived of all autonomous liberty, is not at all consonant with 
the manner of existence of the other alge, and that it has no 
parallel in nature, for nothing pliysiologically analogous occurs 
anywhere else. Krempelhuber lias argued that there are no 
conclusive reasons against the assumption that the lichen-gonidia 
may be self-developed organs of the lichen proper rather than 
alge, and that these gonidia can continue to vegetate scparatcly, 
and so be mistaken for unicellular alge.” In this Th. Fries 
seems substantially to concur. But there is one strong argu- 
ment, or rather a repetition of an argument already cited, placed 
in a much stronger light, which is employed by Nylander in the 
following words:—“ So far are what are called algw, according 
to the turbid hypothesis of Schwendener, from constituting true 
alge, that on the contrary it may be affirmed that they have a 
lichenose nature, whence it follows that these pseudo-alg@ are 
in a systematic arrangement to be referred rather to the lichens, 
and that the class of alge hitherto so vaguely limited should be 
circumscribed by new and truer limits. 
As to another phase in this question, there are, as Krempel- 
huber remarks, species of lichens which in many countries do 
not fructify, and whose propagation can only be carried on by 
means of the soredia, and the hyphe of such could in themselves 
alone no more serve for propagation than the hyphe from the 
pileus or stalk of an Agaric, while it is highly improbable that 
they could acquire this faculty by interposition of a foreign 
algal. On the other hand he argues: “It is much more con- 
formable to nature that the gonidia, as self-developed organs of 
the lichens, should, like the spores, enable the hypl proceeding 
from them to propagute the individual.* 
A case in point has been adduced} in which gonidia were 
produced by the hypha, and the genus Emericella,t which is 
allicd to Husseia in the Trichogastres, shows a structure in the 
stem exactly resembling Palmella botryoides of Greville, and to 
what occurs in Synalyssa. Emertcella, with one or two other 
* Rev. J. M. Crombie, in ‘‘ Popular Science Review,” July, 1874. 
+ Berkeley’s “ Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany,” p. 378, fig. 78a. 
t Berkeley’s “Introduction,” p. 341, fig. 76. 
