INFLUENCES AND EFFECTS, 229 
tors, if this enemy is less exacting than is the case with the 
potato, the vine, and the hop. 
Forestry in Britain is an insignificant interest compared to 
what it is in some parts of Europe, in the United States, and 
in our Indian possessions. In these latter places it becomes a 
matter of importance to inquire what influence fungi exert on 
forest trees. It may, however, be predicated that the injury 
caused by fungi is far outstripped by insects, and that there are 
not many fungi which become pests in such situations. Coni- 
ferous trees may be infested with the species of Peridermium, 
which are undoubtedly injurious, Peridermium elatinum, Lk., 
distorting and disfiguring the silver fir, as Peridermium Tuomsoni, 
B.,* does those of Abies Sinithiana in the Himalayas. This 
species occurred at an elevation of 8,000 feet. The leaves be- 
come reduced in length one-half, curved, and sprinkled, some- 
times in double rows, with the large sori of this species, which 
gives the tree a strange appearance, and at length proves fatal, 
from the immense diversion of nutriment requisite to support a 
parasite so large and multitudinous. The dried specimens have 
a sweet scent resembling violets. In Northern Europe Ceoma 
pinitorqguum, D. By., seems to be plentiful and destructive. All 
species of juniper, both in Europe and the United States, are 
liable to be attacked and distorted by species of Podisomat and 
Gymnosporangium. Antennaria pinophila, Fr., is undoubtedly 
injurious, as also are other species of Antennaria, which probably 
attain their more complete development in Capnodiwm, of which 
Capnodium Citri is troublesome to orange-trees in the south of 
Europe, and other species to other trees. How far birch-trecs 
are injured by Dothidea betulina, Fr., or Melampsora betulina, 
Lév., or poplars and aspens by Mlelampsora populina, Leév., 
and Alelampsora tremule, Lév., we cannot say. The specics of 
Lecythea found on willow leaves have decidedly a prejudicial 
effect on the growth of the affected plant. 
Floriculture has to contend with many fungoid enemies, which 
somctimes commit great ravages amongst the choicest flowers, 
*  Gardener’s Chronicle,” 1852, p. 627, with fig. 
+ ‘* Podisoma Macropus,’’ Hook, ‘‘ Journ. Bot.” vol. iv. plate xii. fig. 6. 
