CHAPTER VIII. 
LAPLAND, AND LAND OF THE SAMOIDES. 
From about the latitude of Archangel, but on the western 
coast of the White Sea, and extending thence to the 
frontier of Finland, is Russian Lapland. It also is wooded, 
but the country inhabited by the Lapps extends through 
Finland, Sweden, and Norway, to the Atlantic, and the 
timber trade is much more extensively developed in the 
Scandinavian portion of Lapland than in that which lies 
further to the west. The Tornea flowing into the head of 
the Gulf of Bothnia, and the western boundary of Finland, 
is considered the medium line. 
Lapland has been divided by Wahlenberg into five zones, 
concentric with the Gulf of Bothnia, and differing from each 
other in climate and productions. The first, extending 
obliquely round the Gulf of Bothnia, from N. lat. 64° to 
nearly 69°, and forming a zone generally 80 miles in 
breadth, is covered with forests of spruce and Scots fir, 
and is called Woody Lapland. The second, higher and 
colder than the first, extending from latitude 65° to nearly 
70°, and generally only six or eight miles in breadth, con- 
tains the Scots fir, and is denominated Sub-woody Lapland. 
The third, of a higher elevation than either of the others, 
ranges, like the latter, from 65° to 70° N. lat., and is gene- 
rally about twelve miles in breath, except to the north-east 
of Enonteki, where it descends to about 40°, produces the 
birch, but none of the conifers ; it is called the Sub-Alpine 
region. The fourth, immediately behind the third, and 
nearly of the same breadth, stands still higher, and pro- 
duces only the Salix glauca, a species of willow peculiar 
