DIFFERENT METHODS OF EXPLOITATION. 103 
proprietor of forests in the Governments of Minsk, Vladi- 
ner, and others; Prince Yousoupoff, Count Tolstoié, Count 
Strognoff, MM. Maltzoff, Demidotf, Schatiloff, Scheremetief, 
Countess Ribeaupierre, Count Apraxin, Baron Korff, and 
some others. Even in forests belonging to the communes 
of peasants there begin to show themselves here and there 
some rare attempts at reasonable management. Amongst 
the forests belonging to towns those which belong to Riga 
and to Pernau are well managed. But in by far the 
majority of forests belonging to private proprietors they 
fell according to Jardinage, and here and there to the system 
of @ tire et aire, and the system @ blane étoc, without any 
fixed plan of management, and solely according to the 
demand, or according to the want of money. The prin- 
ciples regulating the organisation of the management of 
the State Forests are not rigorously defined, but the better 
policy, proclaimed in 1841, has begun to prevail, that is 
to say, an exploitation designed to obtain the greatest 
material product, and that which will be most useful to 
the general interest. Elaborate plans of management 
determine the duration of the revolution of the fellings 
and the site of these, the estimate of the produce in 
volume and in value of the fellings of the first decade, the 
means of replenishing the timber forests, and the repro- 
duction of copse woods, of reforesting of cleared spaces, void 
places, and vacant lands, and the local measures to be 
taken for the amelioration of the trees composing the forest 
most advantageous to its exploitation. 
‘These works are entrusted to Commissions of forest 
organisation, which, after having presented to the Forest 
Administration the general plan of a forest, with specifica- 
tion of the works of management for the first decade, pro- 
ceed to the working out of analogous plans in another 
forest ; and such a Commission towards the end of the first 
decade return to control the execution of the works of 
management of that first decade, and determine the special 
site for the operations of the second decade. 
“The system of exploitation of the forests prevailing in 
