108 THE FOREST LANDS OF NORTHERN RUSSIA. 
that time it is re-wooded, most frequently by means of 
sowing, and more rarely by help of planting; besides, the 
expenses occasioned by the re-foresting are generally 
covered and even more than covered by the proceeds 
obtained from the agricultural cultivation of the soil in 
the interval. 
‘The system of culture by pollarding, which consists in 
cutting periodically the shoots from the stems of the willow 
and other trees of underwood, is not met with but in excep- 
tional cases, and more especially on spots exposed to 
inundation, as for example, on the banks of rivers and of 
ponds in the western and southern provinces. The system 
of periodical pruning of lateral branches may also be met 
with in the forests of the southern Governments, more 
especially near villages, but it is only rarely applied, and 
that in isolated places.’ 
In a notice of Russian Forests in the Journal of Forestry, 
vol. ii, April, 1879, p. 881, it is said :—‘It is stated that 
the newest financial project of Russia is in the form of a 
concession for a term of years of all State forests to a 
joint stock company, which will have the exclusive right of 
cutting and selling timber from these sources in return 
for a stipulated royalty, to be paid annually to the Govern- 
ment. Among other conditions of the concession the com- 
pany is to be held bound to replant wood lands that have 
been already denuded by injudicious forestry or by theft, 
and to conduct their own felling operations with due 
regard to the interests of the future.’ 
