EXPORT TIMBER TRADE. lll 
extend from the northern part: of the Lake Latcha along 
the river Onega, which flows out of this lake, to the small 
village called Porog, where booms are placed across the 
river to direct aright the floating timber. This is the 
first district and it is that+from which the largest and best 
trees are obtained. The second district, Podporog as it 
is called, is from Porog to the town of Onega. This 
includes all the tributaries of the river Onega from its 
source to its mouth. Kargopol is in the Olonetz Govern- 
ment, 61° N, and 563° E. of Greenwich. It is pro- 
hibited to cut down any tree within six versts of the banks 
of the river Onega or any of its tributaries ; this is in order 
to prevent the earth along the banks of the rivers crumb- 
ling away, and thus the rivers to shift their water-courses. 
‘The Onega Wood Company have to pay what is called 
hand-money, in a prepayment of 55 kopecs per tree for all 
intended to be felled. Thus, if they intended to fell during 
the following winter, for this always takes place by law 
when the sap has gone into the roots and there is little 
vegetable vital action in the tree, say 100,000 trees, they 
would have to pay 55,000 roubles. 
‘The Company make contracts with the peasants of the 
various villages in their district to fell so many trees, this 
being done not with a single individual, but with the whole 
family, and this family have to get the trees from any 
place in which they can find them beyond the prescribed 
distance of six versts from the river, and to bring the log 
to its banks: the only proviso made by the Company 
being that the river, or rather rivulet, shall be able, when 
the snows melt in the spring and the ice is gone, to float 
the timber. 
- €The Government make the additional proviso that the 
tree shall be felled not higher from the root than one 
arshine, or 28 inches, under penalty of twice the value of 
the tree. The log is to be 16 arshines long, and by the 
diameter at the smaller end the size of the tree is deter- 
mined, The Company also make a stipulation with the 
peasants that the log shall not have root-rot or lip, a place 
