122 THE FOREST LANDS Of NORTHERN RUSSIA. 
rapids there are great works constructed for the shooting 
of the timber, and lower falls near the mouths of the rivers 
are utilised as a moving power for saw-mills erected there, 
where the rough timber is cut up chiefly into three and 
four inch planks, in three, four, and five fathom lengths, 
seven feet being the length of a fathom. It is there 
laden on Ladoga vessels, fitted with sails, and is then con- 
veyed by the lake or by canal to the Neva, and by that 
river to St. Petersburg or Cronstadt. 
Wood and timber cutting, he added, is carried on 
wherever there are means of water transport to the basin 
of the Neva. The firewood thus obtained is conveyed to 
the city in barges, which are made to be there broken up 
and sold as coarse planking, and the timber is conveyed in 
rafts. A good deal of Baltic timber is brought to St. 
Petersburg from the lower ports, and some wood comes 
from the Gulf of Finland, but the bulk of what is there 
sold is brought down the Neva, 
The same gentleman wrote to me in another letter :— 
‘On the north shore of the Lake Ladoga I saw an enor- 
mous saw-mill, with timber enough in its structure to have 
gone a great way in many different works in Britain. A 
_ big, jolly-looking Russian peasant, after showing it all, 
said; his. face radiant with exulting satisfaction, “I made it 
all myself.”’ 
Mr Judre says :—‘In connection with: this subject, the 
following statement may show approximately what are the 
proceeds of the sawing of timber. From four logs are 
produced three dozen of boards of different measurements. 
Four logs, according to the present charge, cost 1:80 rs.; 
the transport to the river and flotage, sawing, shipment, 
and freight to Cronstadt of these-cost 10 rs.;. so the.total 
cost is 11°80 rs., and the three dozen boards at Cronstadt 
are worth 18 rs. But the calculation, it must be borne in 
mind, is only an estimate approximately correct. 
M. Werekha, in the work already. cited, says :— 
‘Most of the sawing is done by hand. The greater part 
