EXPORT TIMBER TRADE. 123 
of the machines are hydraulic mills, but of late years the 
number wrought by steam-power has considerably increased. 
There are reckoned to be in Russia about a hundred great 
saw-mills, We know of thirty driven by steam, and of this 
number there are six in the Government of Archangel 
which are occupied solely in sawing wood of wild pine for 
the commerce with England. In the number of saw-mills 
driven by water there are some which work only for the 
supply of local requirements, and in small quantities ; but 
there are thirty steam mills, and fifty water-mills, which 
work chiefly for the foreign trade. In the whole of these 
mills they cut up annually at least two millions of trees. 
The cutting up of trees into planks, for local requirements, 
is done often in the place itself, or where the exploitation 
of the forest takes place. The Governments of Kostroma, 
of Kazan, of Viatka, and the southern part of that of 
Vologda, furnish planks to the less wooded countries situ- 
ated on the lower course of the Volga and countries on the 
Don, The Governments of St. Petersburg, of Olonetz, and 
a portion of that of Novogorod, export planks by the port 
of St. Petersburg, and furnish to this city logs to be sawn. 
From the northern part of the Government of Vologda 
logs, round or square, are exported by the ports of the 
White Sea,’ 
In the Ustaff Laesnoi, or Forest Code, are laid down 
regulations for the administration of Crown forests. In this 
Code No. 677 refers to saw-mills, private property, supplied 
with timber from Government forests on payment of rent; 
and in the appendix it is stated that there were, in 
1857, such mills situated in the following places in the 
Government of Olonetz: at Gorsk, Tulodgsk, Vedlozersk, 
Kotkezersk, Zadnenikiforsk, in Petrozavodsk, at Syvato- 
zersk, Svyamozersk, Lindozersk, and Kijsk, in Novaenetz- 
kom, and at some other places, at some of which a rent of 
800 roubles for each saw is paid per month ; at the others, 
250 roubles for each saw is paid. a 
In Rule 6 it is stated: Experience has shown that in 
