FOREST INDUSTRIES. 135 
to which he makes some important statements, some of 
which have been cited. Beyond ali question the timber 
trade is at present the most important throughout the 
whole region. With increased facilities for transport there 
may be drawn hence a large supply of fuel, so soon as the 
rise in price occasioned by the diminishing supply in the 
central and southern Governments of Russia may make it 
remunerative to send firewood to the capital. 
Tn regard to terms on which the permission to fell timber 
is given, information is embodied in the accounts given by 
me of the operations of different companies engaged in the 
trade. On this point the following more general informa- 
tion was obtained by me. Where wood is in demand as 
an article of commerce, whether as timber or as firewood, 
standing forests are sometimes, both by Government and 
by private proprietors, disposed of at so much per tree 
felled, or so much per fathom of firewood obtained. Some- 
times the charge is made for permission to fell for a 
specified time, embracing, it may be, several years. In the 
arrangements made relative to felling, sometimes the trees 
which it is permitted to fell are marked by a representa- 
tive of the proprietor, but more frequently the licence 
holder is allowed to fell what and where he pleases. In 
the one case, and in the other sometimes, only such trees 
as may be preferred are felled in accordance with the 
method of exploitation known as Jardinage ; in other 
cases a measured area is cleared entirely. 
In the vicinity of the Urals, in the Government of Perm, 
forests are exploited in accordance with the method known 
in forest science as @ tire et aire in successive decades, suc- 
cessive portions are cleared with the exception of balliveaua, 
or reserved seed bearing trees of mature age, and it may 
be saplings, the forest being divided into such number of 
sections that by the time the woodman may have gone 
over the whole the first cleared section will be again ready 
for the axe. ; 
This is not practised here, but in some places there is 
adopted systematically what is an approximation to it, in 
