146 THE FOREST LANDS OF NORTHERN RUSSIA. 
The Pinega, which gives its name to a town situated 
about 78 miles east by south of Archangel, flows into the 
Dwina after a separate course of 250 miles. 
Connections have been formed between the Dwina and 
the Volga by means of canals, one of which joins the Kel- 
tma, one of the head streams of the Vytchegda, with the 
Kama; and the other, known as the Lubiuski Canal, 
unites the Sukhoma with the Neva by means of the 
Cheksna. 
The Petchora has its source in the Government of Perm, 
on the west side of the Ural Mountains, and crossing the 
Government enters that of Vologda, and that of Arch- 
angel, and, after a tortuous course, flows into the Arctic 
Ocean by numerous mouths after a course of upwards of 
900 miles. The country through which it flows is low, 
covered with wood, and nearly uninhabited. Its principal 
affluents are, on the right, Ilicha and Oussa; on the left, 
the Ijma and Tsylma. The Ijma rises in the Government 
of Vologda, enters the Government of Archangel in the 
district of Mezen, and flows into the Petchora on the left 
bank, after a course of 240 miles. 
The Mezen has its source in the district of that name ; 
it afterwards enters the Government of Vologda, but 
returning and passing the town to which it owes its name, 
after a total course of about 480 miles, it flows into the 
Gulf of Mezen, an arm of the White Sea, 75 miles wide at 
its mouth, and indenting the land to a depth of 60 miles. 
The principal affluents of the Mezen are the Piema and 
-Peza on the right, and on the left the Vachka. The Peza 
has its source in a marshy locality, and enters the Mezen 
at Jerd, 36 miles above the town of Mezen, after a course 
of above 180 miles. The Vachka takes its rise in the 
Government of Vologda, in the district and to the north- 
west of Jarensk, and joins the Mezen near Oust-Vachka 
after a course of 225 miles. 
The district of Mezen occupies the eastern part of the 
Government. It is 600 miles in length from west to east, 
and upwards of 300 miles in breadth on the mainland, 
