216 FOREST LANDS OF NORTHERN RUSSIA. 
brown colour, but becomes yellow when ripe. The pulp 
is white and fleshy, adhering closely to the drupe, which 
is like that of the apricot. It is in taste both resinous 
and astringent, and is exposed for sale in the markets in 
China and Japan. The kernel is white, rather firm, and 
sweet, with a mixture of austerity or bitterness when raw, 
but agreeable when roasted, and is thought by the 
Japanese to promote digestion. 
_ Count Saporta considers that the primeval type, or 
original paleozoic shoot of the entire group of Salisburias, 
was the genus Psygmophyllum of Schimper, and he adds: 
“If this opinion shall be confirmed, the point of departure 
of the Salisburias will fall to be placed in the paleanthrac- 
tic vegetation of the extreme north. An immense inter- 
val or gap, comprising the Permian, the Trias, and the 
Lower Jurassic formations, forbids that we should say 
anything of the Ginkophyllum, the Trichopitys, the Chirop- 
terts, and the Jeanpaula, which represent in Europe, in 
these different stages, the successive forms of this group of 
primitive Salisburias, But we find it again on coming to 
the Arctic Jurassic flora of Cape Boheman.’ 
‘Besides the mountain limestone underlying the coal 
formations, we have mountains of chalk, from the littoral 
cliffs of which England, it is said, got its name of Albion. 
This is a much later formation than the mountain lime- 
stone, and the organic remains preserved in the strata 
show a decided advance upon pre-existing races of animals. 
We find in it Zoophytes more like existing species than 
were those of the mountain limestone and silurian rocks ; 
star fishes and sea urchins resembling those of the present 
day ; Annulosa like the common Serpula and land-worm ; 
Crustacea resembling the lobster tribe; insects like the 
beetle and dragon-fly; fishes belonging to the Ganoidia, 
of which the sturgeon and the bony pike of the North 
American lakes are representative in the present day ; 
reptiles allied to the tortoise and to the crocodile, though 
differing from these in external form; and two or three 
