242 FOREST LANDS OF NORTHERN RUSSIA. 
the semi-circle, and at a given signal, raised a shout which 
startled the elks in their layer. These attempted to break 
the cordon, but startled by the firing of rifles they turned 
and made for the marsh; seven were young, and crossed 
it in safety; two large elks, a male and a female, making 
the attempt, broke the ice, and floundring, found them- 
selves unable to make their escape. The sportsmen came 
up to within ten feet, fired, killed them, and went home, 
when they sent a cart or sledge for the carcases. The 
elk is known in Russia, as olene. 
To the same family belongs the reindeer (cervus turandus) 
so extensively domesticated in Lapland as to be intimately 
associated with our every conception of the Laplanders, 
but found in a wild state both in Northern Russia and in 
Finland, to the north of 65° 30’, and on the northern 
slopes of the Maanselka. 
In the Eastern Hemisphere the isothermal line of 0° 
descends towards the 55th parallel of latitude, which is 
lower than it does in America. But there are sume 
important towns situated to the north of this latitude— 
Tobolsk, lat. 58° 11’; Jokutsk, lat. 58° 16’; and Yakutsk, 
lat. 62°. In Europe the only Arctic lands properly so 
called, and distinguished by an Arctic flora, are Russian 
Lapland and the deeply-indented coast -of Northern 
Russia, and the former is what may be considered the 
habitat of the reindeer. But during several winters they 
have been seen in St. Petersburg, brought thither as 
curiosities, and attracting attention as they were driven 
along the Neva by the Lappish owners in their national 
sledges. 
In the regions of the reindeer, in Lapland and in 
Siberia, as in Labrador and the northern coasts of America, 
the lemming also is met with. 
Section II.—Brirgps. 
Of birds we find in Northern Russia those which are 
common to different lands in such latitudes, together with 
