74 AERANGKMENT OF LEAVES ON THE STEM. [LESSON 10. 



ranks, namely 5. In the same way the fraction ^ stands for the 



two-ranked mode, and ^ for the three-ranked : and so these diflferent 



113 sorts are expressed by the series of fractions ^, 



^, |. And the other cases known follow in the 



same numerical progression. 



189. The next, is the eiffkt-ranked arrange- 

 ment, where the ninth leaf stands over the first,, 

 and three turns are made around the stem to 

 reach it ; so it is expressed by the fraction |. 

 This is seen in the Holly, and in the common 

 Plantain. Then comes the thirigen-ranked ar- 

 rangement, in which the fourteenth leaf is over 

 the first, after five turns around the stem. Of 

 this we have a good example in the common 

 Housteleek (Fig. 146). 



190. The series so far, 

 then,- is J-, i, |, f , -f^ ; the 

 numerator and the denomi- 

 nator of each fraction being 

 those of the two next pre- 

 ceding ones added together. 

 At this rate the next higher 

 should be ^\, then ^f , and 

 so on ; and in fact just such 

 cases are met with, and (commonly) no others. 

 These higher sorts are found in the Pine Fam- 

 ily, both in the leaves and the cones (Fig. 324), 

 and in many other plants with small and crowd- 

 ed leaves. But the number of the ranks, or of 

 leaves in each cycle, can here rarely be made 

 out by direct inspection : they may be ascer- 

 tained, however, by certain simple mathematical 

 computations, which are rather too technical for 

 these Lessons. 



/" 



^ 



FIG. 143. Shoot with its leaves S-rantod, the sixth leaf over the first j as in the Apple-tree. 



FIG. 144. Diagram of this arrangement, witli a spiral line drawn from the attachment o( 

 one leaf to the next, and so on ; the parts on tlie side turned from tlie eye are fainter. 



FIG. 145, A ground-plan of tlie same ; tlie section of the leaves similarly numbered ; a 

 dotted line drawn from tlie edge of one leaf to tliat of the next completes the spiral. 



FIG. 146. A young plant of tlio Hoiiseleok, with the leaves (not yet expanded) numbered, 

 and exhibillng tlie l^rranhed arrangemeijt 



