122 THE EKTiES. [lesson 18: 



323. Ovules (234). These are the bodies which are to become 

 seeds. They are either sessile, that is, stalfcless, or else borne on a 

 stalk, called the Funiculus. They may be produced along the whole 

 length of. the cell, or only at some part of it, generally, either at the 

 top or the bottom. In the former case.they are apt to be numerous ; 

 in the latter, they may be few or single {solitary, Fig. 267-269). 

 As to their direction, ovules are said to be 



', Horizontal,, when they are neither turned upwards nor down- 

 wards, as in Fig. 252, 261 ; 



Ascending, when rising obliquely upwards, usually from the side 

 of the cell, not from its very base, as in the Buttercup (Fig. 267). 



and the Purslane (Fig. 214) ; 



Erect, when rising upright from 

 the base of the cell, as in the Buck- 

 wheat (Fig. 268) ; 



Pendulous, when hanging from 

 towards the top, as in the Flax 

 (Fig. 212); and 

 Suspended, when hanging perpendicularly from the very sum- 

 mit of the cell, as in the Anemone (Fig. 269),- Dogwood, &c. All 

 these terms equally apply to seeds. 



324. An ovule consists of a pulpy mass of tissue, the HhicUus or 

 kernel, and usually of one or two coats. In the nucleus the embryo 

 is formf'.d, and the coats become the skin or coverings of the seed. 

 There is a hole ( Orifice or Foramen) through the coats, at the place 

 which answers to the apex of the ovule. The part by which the 

 ovule is attached is its base ; the point of attachment, where the ripe 

 seed breaks away and leaves a scar, is named the Hilum. The 

 place where the coats blend, and cohere with each other and with the 

 nucleus, is named the Chalaza. "We will point out these parts in 

 illustrating the four principal kinds of ovule. These. are not difficult 

 to understand, although ovules are usually so small that a good mt>g- 

 nifying-glass is needed for their examination. Moreover, their names, 

 all taken from the Greek, are unfortunately rather formidable. 



325. The simplest sort, although the least conimon, is what is 

 called the 



Orthotropous, or straight ovule. The Buckwheat affords a good 



FIG. 267. Section of the ovary of a Buttercup, lengthwise, showing its ascending ovule. 

 FIG. 2C8. Section of the ovary of Buckwheat, showing the erect ovule. 

 FIG. 2C9. Section of the ovary of Anemone, showing its suspended ovule' 



