COMPOSITE FAMILY. 183 



less leafy. Pappus of many slender and ron^hish bristles, surrounded at base 

 by a little cup or crown, consisting of many little scales or short stiff bristles 

 more or less unite^. Heads solitary terminating leafy stems or branches, 

 large and broad. Leaves sessile, coarsely toothed. Root annual. 

 ASTER. Ray-flowers more or less numerous in one row. Involucre imbricated 

 Pappus of very numerous slender roughish bristles ; no cup or crown of 

 short bristles outside. Heajjs usually panicled or corymbed. Root usually 

 perennial. 



^. EEIGERON. Kay-flowers numerous, narrow, and commonly occupying more 

 than one row. Involucre more simple than in Aster, the scales narrower, 

 appressed, mostly of equal length and occupying only one or two rows, with- 

 out any leaf-like tips ; and the pappus more scanty, often some minute short 

 and sometimes chaff-like bristles at the base of the long ones. 



♦ * Pappus noi of long hair-like bristles^ either a little cup or crown, or of a few 

 scaltSj tetlhj awns, c^c, w none at all. 



•*-- No chaff on the receptacle among tkefiowers, except in 41-43 and some cultivated 

 and altered forms of ii. Leaves mostly alternate. 



++ Ahenesflat: rays pistillate, not yellow, at least in our species. 



38. BOLTONIA. Flowers resembling those of 36 and 37. Receptacle conical or 

 hemispherical. Akenes very flat, obovate or obcordate with a callous margin 

 or wing: pappus of several minute and short bristles, and commonly 2 or 3 

 short awns. Leafy-stemmed, tail, branching herbs, with pale-green tliickish 

 and chiefly entire leaves often turned edgewise. 



89. BRACHYCOME. Flowers like those of 36 or 87. Receptacle conical. Akenes 

 flat, wingless : pappus a ring of minute short bristles or narrow scales united 

 into a short crown. 



40 BELHS. Heads with numerous white, reddish, or purple rays. Receptacle 

 high conical. Akenes flatj obovate, wingless: no pappus. Low herbs, with ' 

 solitary peduucled heads, and entire or merely toothed leaves. 



41. ACHILLEA. Heads mostly with few and white (rarely rose-red or yellow) 



rays. Receptacle small, flattish, chaffy. Akenes oblong, margined: no 

 pappus. 



++ ++ Akenes noi flat, nm- boat-shaped; pappus a short crown or none ; rays pistillate 

 and fertile except in 42. 



42. MARUTA. Rays neutral, white ; otherwise almost exactly as in the next. 



43. ANTHEMIS. fiays pistillate and fertile, numerous, white or sometimes yellow. 



Involucre pf many smaU close-pressed scales. Receptacle convex, with some 

 ' slender chaff, at least at the centre. Akenes terete, mostly ribbed. Leaves 

 once to thrice pinnately divided. 



44. CHRYSANTHEMUM, including LEUCANTHEMUM and PYRETHRUM. 



Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous. Receptacle convex or flat, without 

 chaff, except in some double-flowered varieties. Disk-flowers mostly with a 

 flattened tube. Pappus none. Otherwise nearly as in Anthemis. 



****** Akenes top-shaped or oblong, not flattened nor incurved: pappus of h-\0 

 conspicuous thin chaffy scales mth midrib more or less extended into a bristle 

 or a-wn; rays in one row, not very numerous, wedge-shaped, 3 - 5-clefl or lobed, 

 yellow or partly reddish or brownish-purple, never white : involucre of separate 

 scales. 



45. HELENIUM. Rays pistillate. Involucre of a few small and narrow spreading 



or reflexed scales. Receptacle globular or conical. Heads mostly corymbed. 

 (Akene and pappus. Lessons, p. 130, fig. 294.) 



46. GAILLARDIA. Rays neutral, often partycolored. Involucre of two or more 



rows of loose leafy-tipped scales. Receptacle convex. Disk-flowers often 

 purple : the styles tyith very slender hispid branches. Heads solitary on slen- 

 der terminal peduncles. 

 ++++<-!.++ Akenes short, not incurved, covered with extremely long soft-silky hairs 

 (which must not be confounded icith pappus), hidini;ithe minute pappus of many 

 delicate little scales: rays numerous in one row, neutral, yellow ■with dark- 

 colored spot at base, nearly entire : involucre of i or Z rows of short scales 

 united in a cup. 



47. GAZANIA. Head solitary on a long terminal peduncle, large and showy, the 



rays expanding only in sunshine or bright daylight. Receptacle flat. Disk- 

 flowers yellow: their style abruptly thickened below the two short branches. 



