40 PLANT RELATIONS. 



air chambers extends throughout the spongy niesophyll. 

 It is into this system of air chambers that the stomata 

 open, and sn they are put into direct communication with 

 the niesophyll or working cells. The peculiar arrangement 

 of the upper niesophyll, to form the palisade tissue, has to 

 do with the fact that that surface of the leaf is exposed to 

 the direct rays of light. This light, so necessary to the 

 mesophyll, is also dangerous for at least two reasons. If 



St St 



Pig. 30. A sictidi] through the leaf of lilj', showing upper epidermis (ue), lower epi- 

 dermis {le) vvith its stomata i^si), mesophj'll (dotted cells) composed of the palisade 

 region { p) and the spongy region {sp) with air spaces among the cells, and t\\'o 

 veins iv) cut across. 



the light is too intense it may destroy the chlorophyll, and 

 the heat may dry out the cells. By presenting only nar- 

 row ends to this direct light the cells are less exposed to 

 intense light and heat. Study Fig. 30. 



'■\o. Veins. — In the cross-sci'tion of the leaf there will 

 also be seen here and there, embedded in the mesophyll, 

 the cut ends of [\u\ veinlets, made up partly of thick- 

 walled cells, which hold the leaf in shape and conduct 

 material to and from the mesophyll (see l''ig. o(i). 



