THE HfiEAT GROUPS OP PTEEIDOPHYTES I57 



There are also epiphytic forms (air plants) — that is, 

 those -which perch " upon other plants " but derive no 

 nourishment from them (Fig. 112). This habit belongs 

 chiefly to the warm and moist tropics, where the plants 

 can absorb sufficient moisture from the air without send- 

 ing roots into the soil. In this way many of the tropical 

 ferns are found growing upon living and dead trees and 

 other plants. In the temperate regions the chief epi- 

 phytes are Lichens, Liverworts, and Mosses, the Ferns be- 

 ing chiefly found in moist woods and ravines (Fig. 133), 

 although a number grow in comparatively dry and exposed 

 situations, sometimes covering extensive areas, as the com- 

 mon brake {Pteris) (Fig. 135). 



The Filicales differ from the other groups of Pterido- 

 phytes chiefly in having few large leaves, which do chloro- 

 phyll work and bear sporangia. In a few of them there is a 

 differentiation of functions in foliage branches and sporo- 

 phyll branches (Figs. 127-130), but even this is excep- 

 tional. Another distinction is that the stems are un- 

 branched. 



84. Origin of sporangia. — An important feature in the 

 Ferns is the origin of the sporangia. In some of them a 

 sporangium is developed from a single epidermal cell of 

 the leaf, and is an entirely superficial and generally stalked 

 affair (Fig. 118, 5) ; in others the sporangium in its devel- 

 opment involves several epidermal and deeper cells of the 

 leaf, and is more or less of an imbedded affair. In the first 

 case the ferns are said to be leptosporaiigiate ; in the sec- 

 ond case they are eusporangiate. 



The leptosporangiate Ferns are overwhelmingly abun- 

 dant as compared with the Eusporangiates. Back in the 

 Coal-measures, however, there was an abundant fern vege- 

 tation which was probably all eusporangiate. The Lep- 

 tosporangiates seem to be the modern Ferns, the once 

 abundant Eusporangiates being represented now in the 

 temperate regions only by such forms as moonwort {Bo- 



