FOREST TREES AND FOREST SCENERY 
their composition under every form and 
modification of circumstance, we find 
in these woods an endless novelty 
and perennial freshness. The young 
swamp growth of red maple, white 
birch, and alder, bedded in grass and 
wild flowers, is very different from the 
dense young forest of birch and aspen 
of the northern woods that, under the 
influence of ample light, has sprung 
into being after’ some recent fire, the 
signs of which are still visible in the 
charred stumps under the young trees. 
The open groves of old oak and chest- 
nut on the hill, with the slanting light of 
autumn and deep beds of dry, rustling 
leaves, are likewise different from the 
secluded forest in unfrequented moun- 
tains, where young and old growth 
mingle together: crooked ashes and 
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