FOREST TREES AND FOREST SCENERY 
the coppice beneath. The appearance 
of the whole is that of an open forest 
into which the younger thickets have 
penetrated. 
The esthetic effect of this combina- 
tion may be described in very few 
words. While the coppice loses much 
of its charm, the overspreading forest 
gains something by this sacrifice. The 
former keeps the soil in fair and fresh 
condition, thus insuring a_ healthy 
growth to the large trees. It also 
shades the lower portions of their 
trunks, in consequence of which many 
of them develop into clean specimens, 
with strong, well-rounded stems, and 
graceful, wide-spreading crowns. 
The last of the four types, the “ high 
forest,” is the most artificial and highly 
developed of the series. In its construc- 
156 
