io8 Immunity 



direct solution of the corpuscles in vitro by cobralysin, which was 

 studied by Myers,* and tetanolysin, studied by Madsen,tin thatit 

 is intermediate, a,nd only brought about by the cooperation of two 

 factors, while the action of the lysins of venom, the tetanus bacillus, 

 the steptococcus, Bacillus pyocyaneus, and other micro-organisms, 

 is direct and immediate. 



Myers found, however, that the hemolytic substance of venom, 

 and Madsen that thehemolyticproductsof Bacillus tetani, also pro- 

 duce reactions in animals, and that when successful immunization 

 against them was accomphshed, the serums of the experiment animals 

 became antidotal or inhibiting to the action of the respective lysins. 



Von Diingernt found that by injecting dissociated epithelial 

 cells from the trachea of oxen into the peritoneal cavity of guinea- 

 pigs, it was possible to produce epitheliolysins; Lindemann,§ that 

 emulsions of kidney substance injected into animals caused them to 

 form nephrolysins or nephrotoxins; Landsteiner|| and Metchnikoff** 

 in the same manner successfully prepared spermatoxin by injecting 

 the spermatozoa of one animal into the peritoneal cavity of another. 

 Metalnikoffft found that if he introduced the spermatozoa of a 

 guinea-pig into the peritoneum of another, the spermatoxic serum 

 produced was solvent for the spermatozoa of both. Both Metch- 

 nikoff and Metalnikoff also found that the spermatoxin when 

 introduced into animals was active in producing anti-spermatoxin 

 by which the destructive action of the serum upon spermatozoa 

 could be inhibited. 



Metchnikoff Jt and Funck§§ found that animals treated with 

 emulsions of the spleen, and mesenteric lymph-nodes of one kind of 

 animal, produced sera whose action was agglutinative and solvent 

 for leukocytes and lymph-cells. Delezene|||| found that dissociated 

 liver ceUs injected into animals similarly caused the formation of a 

 specific cytotoxic serum. 



All of these reactions are indirect and intermediate, and take 

 place under appropriate conditions both in the bodies of animals 

 and in the test-tube. 



Thus the number of antigenic reactions that can be brought 

 about in the bodies of animals seems to be limitless, and, strange 

 as it may seem, the antibodies produced in the body of one animal 

 may act as antigens when introduced into another. Thus, Ehrlich 

 and Morgenroth in their studies of hemolysis foimd that serums 

 rich ill immune bodies produced reactions yielding anti-immune 



* "Trans. Path. Soc. of London," li. 



t "Zeitschr. f. Hyg.," 1899, xxxm, p. 239. 



X "Miinchener med. Wochenschrift," 1899. 



§ "Ann. de rinst. Pasteur," 1900. 



II " Centralbl. f. Bakt.," etc., 1899, xxv. 

 ** "Ann. de I'lnst. Pasteur," 1899. , ■: 



tt Ibid., 1900. %X Ibid., 1899. : 



• § " Centralbl. f . Bakt.," etc., 1900, xxvii. 



II "Compte rendu de I' Acad! des Sciences," 1900, cxxx, pp. 938, 1488. 



