Relapsing Fever 521 



for which Novy* has proposed the name Spirochseta duttoni in 

 memory of Button, who lost his life while studying it. In 1905 

 Kochf while working in Africa discovered a spirochseta that he re- 

 garded as identical with that already described by Ross and Milne 

 and Button and Todd. Later studies of the organism convinced 

 C. FrankelJ that it was a separate species. For it Novy later sug- 

 gested the name Spirochaeta kochi. In 1906 Norris, Pappenheimer 

 and Flournoy§ found a spirochaeta in the blood of a patient suffering 

 from relapsing fever in New York. This having been extensively 

 studied by Novy, has since been called Spirochseta novyi. 



With the work of Schaudinn and his associate, Hoffman, || the 

 spirochaeta came to be regarded as protozoan parasites because of 

 the presence of an undulating membrane; the refusal of most of the 

 organisms to grow upon artificial media, the r61e of an intermediate 

 host (ticks, etc.) in transmitting them, and the longitudinal mode of 

 division. 



Fevers characterized by relapses and by the presence of spirochaeta 



Fig. 198. — Spir-ochseta recurrentis from ituman blood (KoUe and Wassermann). 



in the blood have been found in northern and northeastern Europe 

 (true relapsing fever with Spirochaeta recurrentis), in various parts 

 of equatorial Africa (African relapsing fever with Spirochaeta dut- 

 toni) ; in North Africa (Spirochaeta berbera) ; in Bombay and in other 

 parts of India (Spirochaeta carter!) ; in Persia (Spirochaeta persica) ; 

 and in America (Spirochaeta novyi). The question, therefore, arises 

 whether these similar diseases are slight modifications of the same 



* "Jour. Infectious Diseases," 1906, m, p. 295. 



t "Deutsche med. Wochenschrift," 1905, xxxi, p. 1865; "Berliner kllnische 

 Wochenschrift," 1906, XLin, 185. 



t"Med. klin.," 1907, m:, 928; "Munchener med. Wochenschrift," 1907, liv, 

 201. 



§ "Jour. Infectious Diseases," 1906, m, 266. 



II "Deutsche med. Wochenschrift," Oct., 1905, xxxi, p. 1665; "Arbeiten aus 

 aem kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamte," 1904, xx, pp. 387-439. 



