754 Glanders 



exactly like tuberculin, the dose for diagnostic purposes is 0.25 cc. 

 for the horse, the temperature being taken before and after its 

 hypodermic injection. A febrile reaction of more than i.s°C. is 

 said to be indicative of the disease. If instilled into the eye of a 

 glandered horse it excites intense redness of the conjimctiva, quickly 

 followed by purulent discharge. Normal horses show only a slight 

 reddening of the conjunctiva. 



Pathogenesis. — That the bacillus is the cause of glanders there is 

 no room to doubt, as Loffler and Schiitz have succeeded, by the 

 inoculation of horses and asses, in producing the well-known disease. 



The goat, cat, hog, field-mouse, wood-mouse, marmot, rabbit, 

 guinea-pig, and hedgehog all appear to be susceptible. Cattle, 

 house-mice, white-mice, rats, and birds are immune. 



In field-mice the disease is rapidly fatal. For two or three days 

 the animal seems unwell, its breathing is hurried, it sits with closed > 

 eyes in a corner of the cage, and finally, without any other prelimina- 

 ries, tumbles over dead. 



Infection may take place through the mucous membranes of the 

 nose, mouth, or alimentary tract, and apparently without preexist- 

 ing demonstrable lesions. 



The disease assumes either an acute form, characterized by de- 

 structive necrosis and ulceration of the mucous membranes with 

 fever and prostration, terminating in pneumonia, or, as is more 

 frequent, a chronic form ("farcy"), in which the lesions. of the 

 mucous membranes are less destructive and in which there is a 

 generalized distribution of the micro-organisms throughout the body, 

 with resulting more or less widespread nodular formations (farcy- 

 buds) in the skin. The acute form is quickly fatal, death some- 

 times coming on in from four to six weeks; the chronic form may 

 last for several years and end in complete recovery. 



Lesions. — When stained in sections of tissue the bacilh arefoimd • 

 in small inflammatory areas. These nodules can be seen with the 

 naked eye scattered through the liver, kidney, and spleen of animals 

 dead of experimental glanders. They consist principally of leuko- 

 cytes, but also contain numerous epithelioid cells. As is the case 

 with tubercles, the centers of the nodules are prone to necrotic 

 changes, but the cells show marked karyorrhexis, and the tendency 

 is more toward coUiquation than caseation. The t3^ical ulcerations 

 depend upon retrogressive changes occuring upon mucous surfaces, 

 the breaking down of the nodules permitting the softened material 

 to escape. At times the lesions heal with the formation of stellate 

 scars. ' ; 



Baumgarten* regarded the histologic lesions of glanders as much 

 like those of the tubercle. . He first saw epithelioid cells accumulate, 

 followed by the invasion of leukocytes. Tedeschif was not able to 



■ : •, ■* "Patholpgische Mykologie," Braunschweig, i8go. 



f. "Zeiglef's Beitrage'z. path. Anat.," 3d. xiii, 1893. 1 



