SALMONID^. 127 



2. Coregonus clupeoides, Plate CXXII. 



Guiniad, Will. p. 183 ; Gwyniad, Pennant, Brit. Zool. (Ed. 1776) iii, p. 316, pi. 

 Ixiii (Ed. 1812) iii, p. 419, pi. Ixxiii. 



Coregonus clupeoides, Lacep. v, p. 698 ; White, Catal. p. 81 ; Thompson, Nat. 

 Hist. Ireland, iv, p. 170 ; Giinther, Catal. vi, p. 188 ; Houghton, Brit. Freshwater 

 Fishes, p. 153, c. fig. 



Salmo lavaretus, Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 104. 



Coregonus lavaretus, Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 182 ; Jenyns, Man. p. 431 ; Tarrell, 

 Brit. Fish. (ed. 2) ii, p. 142. 



Coregonus Cepedei, Parnell, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1838, i, p. 162, c. fig. ; Tarrell, Brit. 

 Fish. (ed. 2) ii, p. 151 (ed. 3) i, p. 314; Cuv. and Val. xxi, p. 503. 



Coregonus microcephalus, Parnell, 1. c. p. 163, o. fig. 



Coregonus Pennantii, Cuv. and Val. xxi, p. 507 ; Tarrell, Brit. Fish. (ed. 3) i, 

 p. 310 ; White, Catal. p. 80. 



Guiniad and Powan, Couch, Fish. Brit. Isles, iv, pp. 286, 295, pis. ccxxix, 

 ccxxxii. 



B. ix, D. 13-15 (tV-*t^) I 0, P. 17, V. 11-12, A. 13-16 (to-'tt). C. 19, L. 1. 

 73-90, L. tr. 9/11, Vert. 38/28. 



Length of head 5 to 51, of caudal fin 5, height of body 4^ to 5J in the total 

 length. .E/j/es— diameter of each 4 in the length of the head, 1 diameter from the 

 end of the snout, and Ij apart. Snout truncated : the upper jaw somewhat longer 

 than the lower ; the maxilla reaches to beneath the first third of the orbit and is 

 slightly longer than the diameter of the eye, while the length of the mandible is 

 2/5 of that of the head. Nostrils close together, midway between the eye and the 

 end of the snout. As, in some examples, there is a slight depression at the nape 

 it gives the appearance as if the back behind the head were somewhat arched. 

 Teeth — absent or very minute. Fins — the first dorsal commences midway between 

 the end of the snout and the termination of the base of the adipose fin, it is two- 

 thirds to three-fourths as high as the body beneath it. Pectoral inserted below 

 the middle of the depth of the side, and is as long as the head excluding the snout. 

 Ventral below the middle of the first dorsal, and midway between the posterior 

 extremity of the head and the commencement of the base of the anal fin. Caudal 

 deeply forked. Intestines — coecal appendages short and numerous. Scales — 7 5 

 to 8 rows between the lateral-line and base of the ventral fin. Colours — silvery 

 lightest on the sides and beneath, fins dark gray, almost black, externally. 



Varieties — Parnell considered that two species were found in Loch Lomond, the 

 first being Lacepede's fish, but as a Coregonus clupeoides, Pallas, existed, he termed 

 the commonest G. Cepedei and the smaller headed one C. microcephalus, subsequently 

 he informed Tarrell that he had received intermediate forms. 



I possess an example from Haweswater in which the middle of the dorsal fin is 

 not only deficient but the back is regularly scaled between the end of the base of 

 the seventh ray andthe last three, the four or five missing ones having evidently 

 not been developed due probably to some embryonic injury. 



Names. — The Welsh name Gwyniad, or white fish, is derived from Gwyn, 

 " white." In Ullswater it is known as the Schelly, a term which is said to refer 

 to its scales. Fresh-water herring. 



Habits. — Similar to those of the other fresh-water forms, and as a rule refrain- 

 ing from entering running water or coming to the surface at mid-day. The late 

 Professor Rolleston gave me some examples which he collected at Haweswater, 

 and informed me that in the early spring some came to the surface with the 

 stomach everted, due to expansion of the air-bladder. We examined one and found 

 the pneumatic tube to be pervious. 



Means of capture. — Netting. In Loch Lomond the fishing lasts from March 

 until September, the fish being considered in their prime during August and 

 September. Parnell observes that although they are taken by means of drag nets, 

 occasional instances have occurred in which a few have been secured by the 

 artificial fly, but they had never been known to touch a minnow or other bait. 



