166 PHYSOSTOMI. 



favourable localities in this country. It is very common about London and in 

 pieces of water in the vicinity of the Thames. 



In Ireland it is mentioned as existing by Thompson. 



The example figured is seven inches long, from Kent. Yarrell observes that 

 he obtained a crucian carp in October, 1824, -which weighed 21b. 11 oz. 



2. Carassius auratus, Plate CXXX, fig. 2. 



Cyprinus lineatus and langsdorfii, Cuv. and Val. xvi, pp. 96, 99. 

 Carassius Biirgeri, Cuvieri, and grandoculis, Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 

 Goldfish, Pennant, Brit. Zool. (Ed. 1776) iii, p. 374 (Ed. 1812) iii, p. 490. 



Domesticated varieties. 



Cyprinus, sp. Klein, Pise. Miss, v, p. 60, no. 8 ; Gronov. Zooph. no. 342. 



Cyprinus auratus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 527 ; Gmel. Linn. p. 1418 ; Bl. Fische 

 Deuts. iii, p. 132, t. xciii, xciv ; Bonn. Ency. Ich. p. 193, pi. 78, f. 324 ; Bl. Schn. 

 p. 439 ; Lacep. v, p. 653, pi. xviii, f . 2, 3 ; Shaw, Zool. v, t. cxxvi, cxxvii ; Turton, 

 p. 108 ; Risso, Ich. Nice, p. 364, and Eur. Merid. iii, p. 436 ; Yarrell, Brit. Fish, 

 (ed. 1), i, p. 315, c. fig. (ed. 2), i, p. 361 (ed. 3), i, p. 371 ; Guv. and Val. xvi, p. 101 ; 

 Fleming, Brit. An. p. 185 ; White, Catal. p. 60 ; De Sauvigny, Hist. Nat. dea 

 dorades de la China (89 varieties figured) ; Jenyns, Brit. Vert. p. 413 ; Thompson, 

 Ireland, iv, p. 135 ; Moreau, Poiss. France, iii, p. 377. 



Cyprinus viauritianus, Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. i, 1831, p. 167. 



Cyprinus thoracatus, Cuv. and Val. xvi, p. 97, pi. 460. 



Cyprinus Maillardi, Guichenot, Reun. App. C. p. 14. 



Cyprinus cliinensis, Gronov. ed. Gray, p. 181. 



Cyprinus telescopus and quadrilohus, Lacep. v, pi. xviii. 



Carassius aiiratus, Bleeker, Atl. Ich. &c. Gyp. p. 74 ; Giinther, Catal. vii, 

 p. 32 ; Day, Pish. India, p. 552 ; Houghton, Brit. F. W. Fishes, p. 23, c. fig. ; 

 Feddersen, p. 83; Canestiini, Fauna Ital. Peso. p. 13 ; Moreau, Poiss. France, iii, 

 p. 377. 



Cyprinopsis auratus, Blanchard, Poiss. France, p. 343, fig. 71. 



Oold-fish, Couch, Fish. Brit. Isles, iv, p. 33, pi. clxxxvi. 



B.iii, D. 19-22 (xVt8)> P- 16-17, V. 9, A. 8-9 (y?^). C. 18-19, L. 1. 26-30, L.tr. 

 5|-6|/7i-8i. 



The proportions in this fish show great anomalies. Length of head 4i to 44, 

 of caudal fin 4^ to 5, height of body 2f to 4 times in the total length. Eyes— 

 diameter of each from 4 to 5 times in the length of the head, I5 to Ih diameters 

 from the end of the snout, and the same distance apart. Snout obtuse, cleft of 

 mouth shallow, and the jaws anteriorly of about the same length. Barbels — absent. 

 Pharyngeal teeth — 3 or 4/4 or 3 in one row, and similar in form to those of 

 Carassius vulgaris. Fins — similar to G. vulgaris except that the dorsal fin is 

 generally a little higher. Colours — various. As already remarked, those living 

 in their native streams are similar to Carassius vulgaris. In a domesticated state 

 it may be red, vermillion, rose-coloured, pink, white, silvery, sometimes with 

 black marks, while the same tint does not invariably pervade the whole of the 

 fish. If turned out into the open its brilliancy generally decreases. During 

 the first year of its life it is usually black ; next mottled with silver. This 

 last colour spreads over the whole fish, and after one or two seasons gradually 

 becomes of a red or brilliant tint : in some they are coloured from the time of 

 their birth. 



Varieties. — This fish, due to domestication, is subject to great structural 

 alterations : the vertebral column alone may be deformed but the fish be 

 otherwise perfect ; the dorsal fin may be entirely absent or reduced to one spine 

 and a few rays, the fish being otherwise perfect ; or with a reduced extent of 

 dorsal fin the anal spine may be double. The caudal fin may be enlarged and 

 divided into three or four lobes, the length of which may be nearly equal to that 

 of the remainder of the fish, while at the same time the dorsal fin may be present 

 or absent. Occasionally the eyes are protruding, forming what are known as the 



