206 PHYSOSTOMI. 



OeograpMcal description. — Seas and coasts of Europe, also in tlie Southern 

 Pacific. 



JEngraidis gryoporus, Cope, Pro. Amer. Phil. Soc. xiii, 1873, p. 25, is said to be 

 the fii'st species of anchovy from the Northern Pacific. 



1. Engraulis encrasicholus, Plate CXXXVIII, fig. 1. 



Halecala, Belon. pp. 168, 169. EncrasioJwlus, Rondel, vii, c. ii, p. 211 ; Gesner, 

 p. 78 ; Aldrov. ii, c. xxxiii, p. 214 ; Jonston, lib. i, tit. iii, art. 18, p. 78, t. xix; 

 f. 17 ; Willughby, p. 225, t. P2, f. 2 ; Ray, Piscium, p. 107. Lycostomus balticus, 

 Schonev. v, c. ii, p. 46. Clupea, sp. no. 3, Artedi, Synon. p. 17, no. 3, Genera, 

 p. 7, no. 4. Argentina, sp. Gronov. Zooph. no. 349. Bykling or Moderlbse, Miill. 

 Prod. Faun. Dan. p. 50. Anchovy, Pennant, Brit. Zool. (Ed. 1776) iii, p. 347, 

 pi. Ixvii (Ed. 1812) iii, p. 459. L'anchois, Duhamel, Peches, ii, § 3, pi. xvii, f. 5. 



Clupea encrasicholus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 523 ; Fabr. Faun. Gronl. p. 183 ; 

 Bloch, Ich. p. 316, t. XXX, f. 2; Gmel. Linn. p. 1405 ; Bonnaterre, Ency. Ich. p. 

 185, pi. Ixxv, f. 313 ; Bl. Schn. p. 423 ; Lacep. v, p. 455 ; Donovan, Brit. Fish, 

 iii, pi. 1 ; Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 107 ; Pallas, Zoo. Ross.-As. iii, p. 212 ; Risso, 

 Ich. Nice, p. 354, and Eur. Merid. iii, p. 454. 



Engraulis encrasicholus, Cuv. Regno Anim. ii, p. 322 ; Risso, Eur. Merid. iii, 

 p. 454 ; Jenyns, Manual, p. 439 ; Cut. and Val. xxi, p. 7, pi. 607 ; Tarrell, Brit. 

 Fish. (ed. 1) ii, p. 140, c. fig. (ed. 2) ii, p. 217 (ed. 3) i, p. 151 ; Bonap. Pesc. 

 Eur. p. 34 ; White, Catal. p. 86 ; Nilss. Skand. Fauna, p. 531 ; Swainson, Fishes, 

 ii, p. 293 ; Kroyer, Danm. Fiske, iii, p. 221, c. fig. ; Schlegel, Dieren Neder. p. 150, 

 pi. xiv, f. 4; Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 385; Steind. vi, p. 738; Collett, Norges 

 Fiske, p. 194 ; Malm, Fauna, p. 569 ; Winther, Ich. Dan. Mar. p. 47 ; Canestrini, 

 Fauna Ital. Pesci, p. 135 ; Giglioli, Catal. Pesc. Ital. p. 46 ; Moreau, Poiss. 

 France, iii, p. 460. 



Engraulis ineletta, Cuv. Regne Anim. {variety"). 



Encrasiclwlus encrasicholus, Plem. Brit. Anim. p. 183. 



Engraulis vulgaris, Nilss. Prod. p. 25. 



Argentina sphyrcena, Gronov. ed. Gray, p. 141. 



Anchovy, Couch, Fish. Brit. Isles, iv, p. 125, pi. ccvi, f. 2. 



B. xii-xiii, D. 15-18 (Tfrfe), P. 16-17, V. 7, A. 16-18 (xAe). C 21, L. 1. 

 48-50, Vert. 46-47. 



Length of head 4| to 5, of caudal fin 7 to 7\, height of body 7 to 8 times in 

 the total length. Eyes — diameter 1/4 of the length of the head, 3/4 to 1 diameter 

 from the end of the snout and 3/4 of a diameter apart. Form slender, compressed, 

 and thicker along the back than along the abdomen. Snout overlapping the 

 mouth, very prominent and pointed. Cleft of mouth very deep, extending to 

 beyond the hind edge of the eye. Upper jaw much longer than the lower. 

 Teeth — in both jaws, being very fine in the lower, also present on the palatines 

 and sometimes on the vomer. Fins — the dorsal commences in about the middle of 

 the distance between the end of the snout and the base of the caudal fin, and 

 slightly behind the insertion of the ventral. Anal rays very low. Caudal deeply 

 forked. Scales — rather large : very deciduous : abdomen rounded without any 

 carinated edge. Two large scales on the base of the caudal fin. Colours — 

 greenish along the back when alive, silvery on the sides and beneath ; a burnished 

 steel blue band, having a dark upper edge, divides the dark back from the silvery 

 sides. After death the back becomes of a very dark steel-blue, almost black. 



Varieties. — The form in the southern hemisphere has 18 to 20 anal rays. 



Names. — Anchovy, perhaps derived from the French. De Ansjovis, Dutch. 

 L'Anchois vulgaire, French. 



Habits. — A gregarious marine fish which hangs about our south coast from 

 September until February, in dark nights appears to give a phosphorescent light to 

 the sea: while Dillwyn observes that off Swansea in some summers there are vast 



