224 PHYSOSTOMI. 



2. Clupea pilchardus, Plate CXXXIX, figs. 1 and la, stomach and food. 



Sardina, Belon. p. 161; Rondel, pp. 217, 218; Gesner, p. 822; Ray, Syn. 

 Pise. p. 104. Harengus minor seu Pilchardus, Willughby, p. 223, t. PI, f. 1 ; 

 Rutty, Co. Dublin, ii, p. 362. Pilchard, Pennant, Brit. Zool. (Ed. 1776) iii, 

 p. 343, pi. Ixviii (Ed. 1812) iii, p. 453, pi. Ixxix. Sardine, Duhamel, Peches, ii, 

 pi. xvi, f . 4. 



Olupea sprattus, Briin. Pise. Massil. p. 82 ; Risso, lob. Nice, p. 352. 



Clupea pilchardus, Walb. Artedi, iii, p. 38 ; Bloch, Ausl. Fische, ix, p. 40, 

 pi. ccoovi ; Bl. Scbn. p. 425 ; Donovan, Brit. Fishes, iii, pi. Ixix ; Shaw, v, t. cxix ; 

 Tnrton, Brit. Fauna, p. 106 ; Fleming, Brit. An. p. 183 ; Jenyns, Manual, p. 437 ; 

 Yarrell, Brit. Fishes (ed. 1) ii, p. 96, c. fig. (ed. 2) ii, p. 169 (ed. 3) i, p. 137 ; 

 Templeton, Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) i, p. 411 ; Parnell, Wern. Mem. vii, p. 320 and 

 Fish. Firth of Forth, p. 160 ; Johnston, Berwick. N. H. P. Club, 1838, i, p. 173 ; 

 White, Catal. p. 83 ; Kroyer, Danm. Fis. iii, p. 175, c. fig. ; Nilss. Skan. Fauna, 

 iv, p. 522 ; Thompson, Nat. Hist. Ireland, iv, p. 177 ; Giinther, Catal. vii, p. 439 ; 

 Oollett, Norges Fiske, p. 194 ; Winther, Prod. Ich. Dan. Mar. p. 49 ; Malm, 

 Fauna, p. 585 ; Giglioli, Catal. Peso. Ital. p. 46. 



Clupea sardina, Cuv. Regno Anim. ii, p. 319 ; Lowe, Trans. Zoo. Sec. ii, 

 p. 189. 



Glupanodon sardina and pilchardus, Risso, Eur. Merid. iii, p. 451. 



Alausa pilchardus, Cuv. and Val. xx, p. 445, pi. 605. 



Alosa sardina, Moreau, Poiss. de la France, iii, p. 458. 



Pilchard, Couch, Brit. Fishes, iv, p. 79, pi. cci. 



B. vi-viii, D. 17.18 (xflf t) P- 16-17, V. 6-8, A. 17-18 (tt?t»), C. 19, L. 1. 29-30, 

 CoBC. pylori numerous,* Vert. \\. 



Length of head 4j to 5^, height of body 4f to 5, length of caudal fin 6 to 6|- in 

 the total length. Eyes — with adipose lids, diameter of each 3^ to 4 in the length 

 of the head, 1^ diameters from the end of the snout, and 1 apart. Lower jaw 

 slightly prominent; the maxilla reaches to beneath the first third of the eye. 

 Opercle with distinct and well-developed striae descending towards the subopercle. 

 Body rounder than is that of the herring. Teeth — in jaws excessively fine, some- 

 times absent, none on the palate nor on the tongue. Fins — origin of the dorsal 

 fin nearer the snout than it is to the base of the caudal fin. Ventral inserted 

 below the middle of the dorsal fin. Anal low, its last two rays slightly prolonged. 

 Caudal deeply forked with two or three large scales at its base. Oill-raleers — 

 about 70 in the outer branch of the lower branchial arch and as long as the eye. 

 Scales — 17 to 19 scutes before and 14 posterior to the base of the ventral fin, 

 they are very similar to those in the herring but a little stronger. Colours — 

 greenish olive, with a bluish band along the body and silvery sides. Lowe gives 

 50 to 51 vertebree, and Cuvier and Valenciennes 53. I find 50. In examining 

 the digestive organs one finds the stomach as depicted : the proventricular glands 

 in the sesophageal portion are well developed, while the walls of the pyloric 

 portion are thickened and the mucous membrane is densely studded with glandular 

 prominences. This portion of the stomach, after feeding, is distended by what 

 may be likened to a sausage-shaped mass, consisting of an outer secreted membrane 

 enveloping the food. The air-bladder has the same posterior opening into the 

 progenital canal as recorded in the herring. (See Zoologist, 1882, vi, p. 24, 

 on the digestive organs of the pilchard.) 



Varieties. — In form. — It has been asserted that the sardine has the ventral fin 

 inserted below the middle of the dorsal, and the gill-rakers rather shorter than the 

 eye ; but it is merely the young of the pilchard, which latter has the ventrals 

 inserted rather behind the middle of the dorsal fin, and the gill-rakers a little 



* Gunther, Catal. 1. c. gives coec. pylori 7, but probably he must have been examining a sprat, 

 the only British Clupea which possesse.s such a small number of appendages, and this is rendered 

 more probable as he gives L. 1. 47-48. The pilchard and sardine in many old works were incfuded 

 under Clupea sprattus. 



