ACTINOMYCOSIS. 419 



the size of a child's head. BoUinger stated that this disease had 

 been known by various na,m.es,—Osteosarkome, Winddm-n {Spina 

 venipsa), Knochenkrehs, Knochenwurm ; in other instances it had been 

 regarded as bone tuberculosis, or mistaken for a simple chronic 

 glossitis. Among breeders of cattle and owners of stock in Germany 

 it had been known under the following names : Ladend/ruck, Laden- 

 geschwulst, dicker Backen, Boickel, Einnheule, Kiefergeachwulst, etc. 



Bollinger pointed out that these swellings 'consisted of several 

 centres of growth, bound together by connective tissue. They were 

 often as large as a walnut or a hen's egg, and of a pale yellow 

 colour and moist appearance. The cut surface presented yellowish- 

 white, suppurative foci, while in other cases the growths had a 

 spongy texture, owing to the formation of lacuna or hollow spaces 

 in a fibrous stroma, which contained a turbid, thick, yellow, caseous 

 pulp. 



Microscopical examination of the tumour showed that it had a 

 structure like a sarcoma, while the squeezed-out pulp consisted 

 principally of pus cells, granulation cells, fat granules, and granular 

 detritus. In addition, there were numerous opaque, pale-yellow, and 

 coarsely granular bodies of different sizes, which had a mulberry- 

 like appearance, and were sometimes encrusted with chalk. After 

 careful examination Bollinger found that these bodies were true 

 fungi, and he further maintained, from the constancy of their 

 appearance in all parts of the sarcomatous growth, that they were 

 not accidental, but of pathogenic significance. This was found to 

 be the case, not only in fresh preparations, but in old specimens 

 preserved in the museum. This remarkable form of mycosis was 

 observed by Bollinger, not only in the upper and lower jaws, but 

 also in the tongue. It had long been observed that the tongue was 

 sometimes covered with more or less tubercular growths, scattered 

 abundantly over the surface of the mucous membrane, mostly the size 

 of a millet seed or hemp seed, but often reaching the size of a cherry 

 or walnut, or even larger. In the fresh state these nodules were 

 greyish-white, and semi-transparent, but they soon became cloudy 

 or distinctly purif orm in the centre ; they were surrounded externally 

 with a connective tissue capsule. If the nodules were situated on 

 the surface of the tongue, destruction of the mucous membrane very 

 readily followed, leading to the formation of ulcers. The tongue 

 also might become affected with an interstitial glossitis, which often, 

 in spite of the partial atrophy of the muscular fibres, led to a great 

 enlargement and wood-like hardness of the tongue. On account 

 of this peculiar character, such a tongue was long known in South 



