PLOWING AND FALLOWING 195 



increased gradually until the full de])th is reached, to 

 avoid a succession of poor crop years while the lifeless 

 soil was being vivified. The states of Utah, Mon- 

 tana, Wj'oming, South Dakota, Colorado, Kansas, 

 Nebraska, and the provinces of Alberta and Sas- 

 katchewan of Canada all specifically declared through 

 one to eight representatives from each state in favor of 

 deep plowing as a fundamental practice in dry-farm- 

 ing. Fall plowing, wherever the climatic conditions 

 make it possible, was similarly advocated by all the 

 speakers. Farmers in certain localities had found the 

 soil so dry in the fall that plowing was difficult, but 

 Campbell insisted that even in such places it would 

 be profitable to use power enough to break up the 

 land before the winter season set in. Numerous 

 speakers from the states of Utah, Wyoming, Montana, 

 Nebraska, and a number of the Great Plains states, as 

 well as from the Chinese Emj^ire, declared themselves 

 as favoring fall plowing. Scarcely a dissenting voice 

 was raised. 



In the discussion of the clean summer fallow as 

 a vital principle of dry-farming a slight difference of 

 opinion was discovered. I'^ariners from some of the 

 localities insisted that the clean summer fallow every 

 other year was indispensable; others that one in 

 three years was sufficient ; and others (jne in four 

 years, and a few doubted the wisdom of it altogether. 

 However, all the speakers agreed that clean and 

 thorough cultivation should be practiced faithfully 



