be any good grounds for extending its application to other 

 kinds of crops. 



The branch coppice'met'h.oi-mxist not, of course, be ap- 

 plied in areas set aside for the production of timber ; but it 

 is useful under certain circumstances, for instance where 

 fodder is more valuable than timber, and where a regular 

 supply of small fuel and leaf fodder must be furnished by 

 forests worked for local use. The method may also in some 

 cases be employed in connection with the management of 

 pasture lands. 



The method of coppice with standards is admirably 

 adapted to the circumstances preyailing very generally in 

 the plains of India, and ought to be more largely made use 

 of than is actually the case. It meets, generally better than 

 any other method, domestic requirements in small fuel, and 

 at the same time f uruishes a considerable quantity of timber 

 of large dimensions suitable for the manufacture of imple- 

 ments and furniture. As compared with tree-growth ia 

 high forest, the reserved stems increase in girth more 

 rapidly ; and many species essentially light-loving accom- 

 modate themselves readily -to this treatment. In a country 

 where a fluctuating demand is the rule, the method has 

 also this advantage that the standard trees can be felled in 

 greater or lesser number as is required, or may be allowed 

 to grow to a larger size without disorganising the working. 

 The working-plan itself is, moreover, exceedingly simple in 

 its arrangement, easy both to understand and to apply. As 

 regeneration is principally obtained by means of coppice, the 

 method can only be applied to broad-leaved species. The 

 whole of the produce must, as a rule, be saleable to make the 

 application of. the method profitable. 



* Toungya cultivation, it need hardly be said, should 

 only be permitted where there are forest tribes who live by 

 toungt/a ov jhum clearing. It is rather a manner of organ- 

 ising the cultivation of cereal crops, so as to do the least 

 barm to the forest, than a method of forest treatment ; . but 



• Teak toungya oultiration in Bnrma means a combination of arborionltnral operations 

 irith shifting oiUtiration as practised by wild tribes, who cut and bnrn the existing 

 vegetation in order to raise one or two crops of cereals or other food crops or cotton. 

 Wben these crops are sown, small teak seedlings are planted by the cultiTators at the 

 fame time, nsaally at a distance of six feet by six feet. They are oarefally weeded for a 

 few years ;_ and the resnlt is that a much more Talnable tree-crop springs up than that 

 which originally had possession of the ground . 



ColtiTation of this kind, bnt in which the subsequent artificial rearing of young trees is 

 generally wanting, is called jhUrn in Bengal and Assam ; khil and Icorali in ithe North- 

 west Himalaya ; ieioar in the Central Provinces; and kumri,podu, etc., in South India. 

 Similar onltiTation is or was practised in some European countiiei. 



