216 FIRST LESSONS IN ZOOLOGY. 



Birds with a Keeled Breastbone. — ^AU other living birds 

 are characterized by the keeled breastbone or sternum; the 

 wings, as a rule, being well developed. The lowest of the 

 keeled birds are penguins and other water-birds, while the 

 highest are the singing-birds. 



OBDBBS of CAEIfrATE BlBDS. 



1. Wings small and short; diving-Mrds Pygopodes. Penguin. ~^ 



2. Wings long, pointed; rapid fliers; anterior 



toes webbed Longi^ennes. Gull. ~v^ 



3. Feet wholly webbed, including the inner 



toe Stegopodes. Pelican. ^^ " 



4. Bill lamellate, i.e., both mandibles with 



teeth-like projections LamdUrostres. Duck. Y" 



5. Wading-birds; the leg long and naked 



above the heel; bill usually long and 



slender Gfrallatores. Crane, 'v- 



6. Land birds ; four toes, three in front, one 



behind; tibiae often spurred..-. OalUnm. Hen. ~^ 



7. Toes like the foregoing;' the bill horny and 



convex at tip Golumbm. Dove."^ '^ 



8. Bill cered, hooked, and large; feet large, 



not yoke-toed JSaptores. Eagle, -v- — 



9. Feet yoke-toed; bill stout, and strongly 



hooked Psittaci. Parrot. ""^ "- 



10. Toes often in pairs, two in front and two 



behind; wings with ten primaries Picarim. Woodpecker, v 



11. Perching and singing birds; feet adapted 



for grasping; hind toe opposed to the 



others Passeres. Robin. ~»^ 



Literature. 



Audubon: Birds of North America. 1840-44. 7 vols. — Goues: 

 Key to the Birds of Korth America. 1884. — Baird, Brewer, and Bidg- 

 way : Birds of North America. 1874-84. 5 vols. — Bidgway : Man- 

 ual of Nortli American Birds. 1887. — And the writings of Wilson, 

 Nuttall, J. A. Allen, Cones, Ridgway, Brewster, Henshaw, Stejneger, 

 and others; and for an grnithological journal. The Auk, New York. 



