A MANUAL OF ZOOLOGY SI 



of movements possible in the vertebral column as a whole. 



The Skull — Describe its shape from below, above, 

 and from the side. Locate the eye sockets. Notice the 

 auditory capsule just back of the eye socket. What is 

 the relation of the tympanum to this capsule? Note the 

 lower jaw, the mandible. What is its shape? 

 Look for teeth. Find whether it is made up of 

 one or of several parts. Meckel's cartilage will' be found 

 in a groove on its upper edge. Note the extent of this 

 cartilage. Find the foramen magnum in the posterior end 

 of the skull. The neural canal is a continuation of fhis 

 foramen. What is the relation of the cranial cavity to 

 this foramen? What is the shape of the condyles which 

 are the projections on either side of the foramen magnum? 

 Note the surface of the condyles. With, what bone do 

 they articulate? Find the cartilaginous ring upon which 

 the tympanic membrane is stretched. Note the nasal 

 bones near the anterior part of the head. Find the pre- 

 maxillae just in front of the nasal bones. The maxillary 

 bones extend backward from the premaxillae. How are 

 the teeth arranged? Bfow many are there? Find the 

 palatine bone Just under the nasal bone. Describe this 

 bone. The vomers are found in front of the palate bones. 

 Do you find teeth here? 



The Pectoral Girdle — Is made up of the clavicle, 

 scapula, and a sternum. What attachments to the axial 

 skeleton do you find? What is the relation of the scapu- 

 lar portion (dorsal) and the coracoid portion (ven1;ral) 

 each to its neighbor on the right or the left side? Note 

 that the scapular portion is made up of a cartilaginous 

 and a bony part. The former is the supra-scapula, the 

 latter is the scapula. Note the coracoid bone and the 

 clavicle. Compare them in form. The part of the girdle 

 that makes up otie side of the shoulder joint is the glen- 

 oid cavity. What bones go to make up this cavity? Note 

 the manner In which the clavicle is attached to the scap- 

 ula. ,The coracoid foramen is between the c'oracoid and 

 the clavicle. The sternum consists beginning In front, of 

 the omosternum, episternum, epicoracolds, sternum proper, 

 and the xiphisternum. Make a careful comparison each 



