INTRODUCTION. 5CV 



chronological order, her subjugation by Turkey in 1389, after the 

 Battle of Kossovo ; her struggles, for four centuries, against Turkey 

 and Austria, in order to secure her independence, and her final 

 triumph under the leadership of Kara-Georgevics, in 1812. 



The modern history of Servia, under the ObrenovicS Dynasty, 

 from 181 2 to the present time, is fully given, from the reign of 

 Prince Michel, down to the rule of Prince Milan, until his abdica- 

 tion, in 1889, and the stirring events which have subsequently 

 transpired in that distracted state. 



Finally, the present position and future prospects of Servia are 

 considered) with especial reference to the intrigues of Austria on 

 the one hand, and of Russia, and Turkey combined on the other ; yet, 

 in face of factions within, and of intrigues without, her freedom 

 and independence under the Obrenovics rule, judged by her past 

 remarkable history, cannot, if she be true to herself, for one 

 moment be imperilled by any of these causes. 



The chapter devoted to Tonquin, under the title of " France, 

 Annam, and China," gives a brief history of the ancient empire of 

 Tonquin, from the XVth century, under the Dynasty of Lhh, to 

 the year 1787, when it entered, for the first time, into political 

 relations with France, by a Treaty of Alliance, in which France 

 agreed to assist, by force of arms, the restoration of the Dynasty of 

 Lbh, deposed by revolution in 1774. The successive miUtary 

 expeditions which followed are described ; that in 1858, for the protec- 

 tion of French Missionaries, which led to the annexation by France 

 of Cambodia (confirmed by the subsequent Treaty of 1862); the 

 expedition in 1873, under Frangois Garnier, for the purpose of 

 extending French dominion in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, 

 followed by the Treaty of Saignon, isth March, 1874, which 

 recognised the sovereignty of France over the territories surrendered 

 to her by the Treaty of 1862. 



This Treaty of Saignon, 1874, appears to have been the pretext 

 for the last prolonged war in Tonquin, entered upon by France in 

 1 88 1, as this Treaty gave great dissatisfaction to a large section of 

 the military and colonial interests of France. This struggle, 

 beginning with the ill-fated expedition of Henri Rivifere, 

 the sanguinary conflicts with the Black Flags in Tonquin, the 

 conquest of Annam, followed by the Treaty of Huh, 23rd August, 

 1884, gave great offence to China, and was the cause of a 

 serious crisis between France and China. Happily, through the 



