THE SIXTEENTH WAR : THE THIRD CHINA WAR. 33 



was agreed that religious toleration should be extended throughout 

 the Empire; Trade protected and a revised Tariff; an English Minister 

 to reside at Pekin ; the promise of a Chinese Ambassador in London ; 

 nine Chinese Ports to be opened to British commerce; the free navi- 

 gation of the Yang-tse-Kiang ; passports granted to British subjects 

 travelling in China ; the suppression of piracy ; and an jndemnity to 

 England ; and, I believe, one more provision — the Chinese bound 

 themselves by solemn obligations not to call Englishmen nick-names — 

 either Barbarians ! Niggers ! or Yankees ! 



THE SIXTEENTH WAR: THE THIRD CHINA WAR. 



1859. 



Hardly had the ink of the Treaty of Tien-sin become dry, barely 

 had its Provisions become ratified and understood by both Nations, 

 than hostilities were once more declared by England against China 

 in 1859. 



I will endeavour to state the causes as clearly and as concisely as 

 possible. 



One of the articles of the late Treaty which closed the " Lorcha 

 Arrow " War, was the right to send an English Ambassador to Pekin, 

 but the Chinese felt such a repugnance to this step that the enforce- 

 ment of the right was postponed. 



It was necessary, however, for the ratification of the Treaty of Tien- 

 sin that Mr. Bruce, on behalf of England, and M. Bourboulon, on 

 behalf of France, should go to Pekin ; but when they arrived at 

 Shanghai they found the Chinese Commissioner declined to see them 

 until they arrived at Pekin. 



To make the Embassy imposing, the English and French Am- 

 bassadors were accompanied by an Armed Squadron, twenty Vessels of 

 War and several hundred Marines, to force, if necessary, admission to 

 Pekin. 



This formidable armament at the mouth of the Peiho, awoke sus- 

 picion and jealousy, and the inevitable result, a refusal to proceed 

 with so menacing a Convoy. 



What should we say if a French Ambassador, charged with a 



D 



