98 ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND EGYPT. 



consent to the establishment of the Dual Control in Egypt, from 

 which sprang all the subsequent complications. 



No one can doubt that the Dual Control was estabhshed for the 

 benefit of the Bondholders, to protect the interests, the capital, and 

 the dividends of the Bondholders, who had lent the Khedive 

 ;^9o,ooo,ooo, and that the discontent in Egypt sprang from the 

 operations of the Control. 



Mr. Seymour-Keay, M.P., in his admirable work on "Spoiling 

 the Egyptians," has shown the frightful oppression practised upon 

 the people of Egypt in order to secure this interest of ;^s,7oo,ooo 

 on the Foreign Loans. 



He has made it abundantly evident, that for the benefit of 

 European Capitalists, the people of Egypt have been grossly plun- 

 dered by means of a series of financial operations, which has led to 

 nothing less than national bankruptcy and revolution. 



Thus it was, that Lords Beaconsfield and Salisbury, in concert 

 with France, took the direct responsibility of dictating the internal 

 Government of Egypt, a policy, which has been full of important 

 results to England and Egypt alike. 



On June 19th, 1879, the Khedive, Ismail Pasha, dismissed his 

 Ministers, and with them the two Controllers of England and 

 France, appointed under the Dual Control ; and in consequence of 

 this action of the Khedive, England and France, supported by the 

 other European Powers, obtained the sanction of the Sultan of 

 Turkey, to instruct their diplomatic representatives at Cairo to pro- 

 ceed to the Khedivate, and call upon the Khedive to abdicate in 

 favour of his nephew. Prince Tewfik ; and the result of this action on 

 the part of England and France was, that shortly afterwards, the 

 Sultan of Turkey signed his Irade deposing Ismail Pasha as Khedive 

 of Egypt. 



The subsequent troubles which arose in Egypt were, therefore, 

 originally brought about by the direct political intervention of 

 England and France in the internal affairs of Egypt, mainly with 

 the view of regulating her finances, and hence it is perfectly clear 

 that the source and centre of the Rebellion in Egypt, in the first 

 instance, and of the armed intervention of England, which succeeded 

 it, were in consequence and on behalf of the interests of the Bond- 

 holders, i.e., the interests of the people of Egypt have been entirely 

 subordinated to the interests of the foreigners. 



We will now refer to the subsequent events, consequent on the 

 deposition of Ismail Pasha, and the accession of Prince Tewfik to 



