CONDtTiorJ Of EUROPE. 325 



was estimated at ;^i 2 7,000,000, and the Russo-Turkish War, which 

 is estimated to have involved an expenditure, from 1876 to 1881, 



of ;£^I30,000,000. 



The total liabilities of Russia in i8go were as follows : — Consoli- 

 dated Debt, ^^604,661,898; Current Debt, ;f,g4,7 59,7 ST, Rail- 

 way Debt, ;^244,229,873 ; Redemption Operations, ;^77,3S4,94i ; 

 total, ;^92o,873,374. 



The following figures are based on the nominal value of the rouble 

 of 3s. 4d., though the actual value ranges from is. gd. to 2S. :— - 



Annual Army and Interest of 



Expenditure, Navy, National Debt, National Debt, 



1890. 1890. 1890. 1890. 



^157,978,206. ;^43.S39.iii- ;^42.790.34o- ;^920,873.374- 



SERVIA. 



THE ARMY. 



The Army of Servia consists of the Permanent and the National 

 Army, of which the King is Commander-in-Chief. In virtue of the 

 law of 1889, the service in the Army is obligatory. It is divided 

 into three classes, the first the Standing Army and its Reserves, foi 

 men from 20 to 28 years of age ; the second, those who have served 

 in the former, from 28 to 37 years of age ; the third, from 37 to 50 

 years of age, only liable on extraordinary circumstances. In time 

 of peace the Army numbers 18,000 men, in case of mobilisation 

 60,000 men are added, and with the Army of Reserve of 58,415, and 

 the Militia estimated to furnish 73,500, the effective for war is 

 equal to 210,000, when called upon by the Royal ukase. In 

 addition there is a gendarme force of 800 men. 



THE MILITARY EXPENDITURE. 



The finances of Servia are well administered, and the Budgets 

 have generally shown a surplus, although it is estimated, that the 

 Budget for 1891, will show a deficit of ;^i38,836. Prior to the war 

 of 1876-7, the Debt of Servia consisted of two loans for two railways 

 the one from Belgrade to Vragna, and the other from Niscli to Pirot, 

 amounting to ;^5, 200,000, but to enable her to prosecute the war 



