CONDITION OF EUROPE. 329 



It should be stated that, as a set-off against the Public Debt, 

 which amounts to ;^2,36o,94S, there exists a " Federal Fortune," 

 or " State Property," valued at ;^4,204,642, so that there is an 

 excess in the Active Debt of ;^i,843,697. 



Interest and 

 Annual Amortisation of 



Expenditure, Army, National Debt, National Debt, 



1890. 1890. 1890. 1890. 



;^3,i22,76o. j;^i, 245,606. _;£'io6,o9o. ;^4,204,642 Active Debt 



2,360,945 Passive Debt 



Excess in Active Debt ;^i, 843,697. 

 THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. 



THE ARMY AND NAVY. 



The Military Forces of the Ottoman Empire comprise three 

 classes of troops, namely : Nizam, or Active Army ; Redif, or 

 Landwehr ; and the Mustahfiz, or Landsturm. Military service is 

 compulsory on all able-bodied Mahometans for a period of 20 years, 

 10 years in the Nizam, 4 in the Redif, and 6 in the Mustahfiz ; 

 exemption being allowed to the inhabitants of Constantinople and 

 the island of Crete, according to an old-estabUshed privilege. Non- 

 Mahometans are not liable to military service, but have to pay an 

 exemption tax of ;^23 per annum. 



The Navy has been considerably weakened by losses during the 

 late Russo-Turkish war, and by the sale of several Ironclads to 

 England. The Navy is raised partly by conscription and partly by 

 voluntary enlistment, and the figures include 80,000 sailors and 

 9,460 marines. The time of service is 12 years, 5 years in the 

 Active, 3 years in the Reserve, and 4 years in the Redif. 



The following figures embrace the Turkish Empire, reorganised 



under the Treaty of BerUn, but excluding the Tributary States of 



Bulgaria and Egypt, and the Asiatic possessions of the Empire : — 



Standing 

 Standine 

 Population, 

 1890. 



33,359.787- 



120. 



