342 AN INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR EUROPE. 



and the Battle of the Boyne, a Peace was concluded at Ryswick, the 

 principal condition of which was, that Louis XIV. recognised 

 William III. and Mary, as the King and Queen of England, and the 

 final settlement of the Protestant Reformation which followed. 



This war cost England ;^36,ooo,ooo, and was the originator of 

 the National Debt. 



2. The next war waged by England, was on behalf of the Spanish 

 Succession, which commenced on the accession of Queen Anne, in 

 1702, and was declared for the ostensible reason of preventing the 

 accession of Louis XIV. or his Queen, Maria Theresa, to the 

 Spanish Throne; but, really, it was a war to humble ajtid force the 

 Bourbons out of Europe. The war lasted eleven years, during 

 which were fought the terrible Battles of Blenheim, Ramilies, 

 Oudenarde, and Malplaquet, and, in 17 13, a Peace was signed at 

 Utrecht. 



The result of this war was, that England annexed Gibraltar, 

 Malta, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, but it cost her 

 ;^62,soo,ooo. 



3. In 1739 the war was renewed with increased vigour, England 

 having for her allies Austria, Holland, Russia, Sardinia, and Hungary ; 

 and France having Spain for her ally. 



This war lasted nine years, and was waged by England, in the first 

 place against Spain, arising out of a quarrel in regard to the Spanish 

 Colonies in America, and two years subsequently, in 1741, war was 

 waged against France, in regard to the Austrian Succession to the 

 Throne. This war was concluded by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 

 in 1748, and it cost England ;;^54,ooo,ooo. 



3. The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle was not of long duration, for, 

 after an interval of nine years, a jealous rivalry divided France and 

 England, which served to promote serious discord between them. 

 Disputes arose in regard to territorial annexation upon the North 

 American Continent, upon the question of the boundaries of Nova 

 Scotia and Canada, and the disputed possession of several of the 

 West India Islands— St. Lucia, Dominica, St. Vincent, and 

 Tobago. From these, and other disputes in European affaks, a 

 long and bloody war, which lasted seven years, was waged 

 between France and England, which extended its ravages over 

 the three Continents of Europe, Asia, and America, until 

 at last, the resources of both nations being exhausted. Peace 

 was concluded, and a Treaty signed at Paris, in 1763. The cost of 



