106 SUBSTITUTES FOR^ COFFEE. 



for according to Volz the first Coffee-house there 

 ^vas not opened till the year 17-1. Many German 

 towns, however, had the lead of Berlin in this respect. 

 Coffee-houses existed in Hamburg in 1679, in Niirnberg 

 and Regensburg in 1686 and in Cologne in 1687. In 

 ^^ienna a certain Kolschitzky was granted permission 

 to open a Coffee-house in 1683. This wa.s as a reward 

 for the braver\' b^■ which he had distinguished himself 

 in the same Acar when the town was liberated from 

 the Turks. B-\- the middle of the eighteenth centur\' 

 Coffee drinking was universal in German^', and Coffee 

 was an important article of commerce in Hamburg 

 and Bremen. Frederic the Great sought in vain to 

 limit its consumption. In his endeavour to exclude it 

 from Prussia and "keep the money in the countr\-'' 

 he imposed heav\' taxes on colonial products which 

 were already- dear enough. He even forbade their 

 import altogether or sought to at least monopolise them. 

 Markgraf and other chemists were commissioned to 

 procure substitutes, and this led to the use of Acorns, 

 Barle\', Rye and even Turnips and Horse - Chestnuts 

 for Coffee. Chickor\' Coffee was not ^-et known of 

 at that time; but, as I understand from what I>ippinann 

 writes, first came into use in 1790. These substitutes 

 for Coffee did not find much favour with the public; 

 so in 1789 a Coffee monopoly was established. The 

 ordinary consumer was compelled to bu\' Coffee read\' 

 roasted from the State at twenty-four "lot" for a "thaler", 

 while "roasting licenses" were given to the nobility, the 

 clerg}' and officials. 



