FIFTH NATIONAI, CONSERVATION CONGRESS 



59 



prominent part of these forests. To the south and southeast of these regions in 

 New England this species is typical of the forest, occurring in nearly pure stands 

 on inferior soils and associated with hardwoods on better soils. In New York it 

 was associated with hardwoods and still occurs in mixture. Its principal associate 

 in Pennsylvania forests was hemlock, and it formed a greater or less percentage 

 of the hardwood forests in that State. 



In the New England region, second growth stands have been very numerous 

 on abandoned fields. Second-growth lots have usually been cut clear when 

 merchantable, and large areas have, as a result, been occupied by inferior species 

 or by brush. Fires have added to this area. The region is well populated and the 

 land owned, for the most part, in small lots by private individuals. State-owned 

 land amounts to a small total area. Second-growth white pine occupies a less 

 prominent place in Pennsylvania forests than original growth. It has given place 

 to hardwoods on many sites. Fires which followed cuttings in Pennsylvania have 

 been chiefly responsible for the formation of extensive waste areas requiring 

 reforestation. Pennsylvania* has acquired nearly a million acres of State forest 

 land and has reforested approximately 4,000 acres thus far. 



Species most important for reforestation in the white pine region of the 

 Northeast are white pine and red pine. Scotch pine may prove useful for the 

 poorest lands. Hardwoods, such as white ash and red oak, deserve use on sites 

 to which they are suited. 



Several million acres require reforestation in the whole region. Unprofitable 

 farm land, poor pastures, brush land and sandy wastes comprise some of the chief 

 types of land for forest planting. The estimate of the National Conservation 

 Commission in 1909 for New England alone was 2,500,000 acres requiring plant- 

 ing, a conservative figure, to which must be added a large area for New York 

 and Pennsylvania. In the management of forest lands it will, in many instances, 

 be practical to cut inferior woodland clean and reforest with pine. 



Initial cost of planting generally ranges from $8 to $12 per acre, usually 

 approaching the latter figure if three-year transplants, which are to be preferred, 

 are used. The cost of labor usually ranges from $1.50 to $1.75 per day. Trees 

 are commonly spaced 6' x 6' apart. Older plantations indicate a profitable yield. 



The following table gives the yield of several of these: 



No. 



Location 



Species 



Age 



No. 

 Trees 

 Per A 



Quality 



of 



Site 



1. Connecticut- 



2. New York... 

 3.t Connecticut. 

 4.j Connecticut. 

 5. Connecticut.. 



White pine and Eur. larch 



White pine 



White pine 



White pine 



White pine 



32 



28 

 31 

 50 

 75 



1312 

 1200 



laoo 



276 

 524 



12,380 

 23,000 

 15,052 

 41,720 

 60,360 



558 

 857 

 486 

 834 

 862 



Medium 



Good 



Poor 



Medium 



Poor 



* Report of the Forest Commission of Pennsylvania, 1912. 



t Dense stand by seeding — too dense for normal development. 



i Natural stand, not planted; here introduced to indicate yield at that age. 



