FIP'TH NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS 235 



on each ten acres, as green standing, dead and down, for each species, including 

 piling, poles, and tie timber. The percentage of defect, probable breakage, and 

 of the various grades of logs on the tract ; flooring, merchantable, and No. 3 and 

 a description of soils, undergrowth, mineral indications, and general topography, 

 are included in complete forest survey reports. 



As the price of stumpage advances, the accuracy and detail of these cruising 

 reports increases. Some of the larger companies have men run eight times 

 through each 40-acre tract, estimating each tree separately and trusting nothing 

 to averages. 



Each year sees the contour map grow in popularity. Its accuracy depends 

 on the uses to which it is to be put. Some engineers advocate running lines of 

 levels along the boundaries of the forties, getting the intervening topography by 

 chaining and the use of the hand-level or aneroid. Others argue that the use of 

 the aneroid with due care in checking with a barograph or another aneroid, and 

 careful pacing, will give a very satisfactory working map. 



If the map is to be used as a relatively accurate field sketch from which the 

 general lay of the country is to be judged, and the general direction and length 

 of surveys for future railroads and logging roads is to be computed, supplemented 

 with preliminary surveys and more detailed topography, the location of camp 

 sites, etc., aneroid readings and pacing with suitable checks serve as sufficient 

 basis for construction. 



If it is to be used as a soundly established topographic map from which 

 estimates of logging and railroad costs are to be made, then it should undoubtedly 

 be more accurately drawn. 



II. Camps. 



The tendency of the better logging organizations is to construct their camps 

 on wheels. This means quick moves, good fire insurance, camps located close to 

 the work, and an opportunity to build permanent and convenient buildings. 



On the other hand, some of the most ably managed companies prefer large 

 camps, not constructed to be moved, in which from 150 to 300 men are accom- 

 modated, the men being taken to and from their work by train when working at 

 a distance. The labor policy of the company usually has something to do with 

 this. Where the policy is to encourage married men who want their families 

 near them, these large and more permanent camps are most frequently found. 

 Superintendents who do not permit families in or near camp most often favor 

 the movable camps with a short haul to work. 



The social welfare of the men is a question constantly receiving more care- 

 ful consideration. Reading rooms, shower baths, private lockers, good lights, 

 and some diversion for the crew, are but examples of the steps being taken by 

 various companies to improve the condition of their men. Better food and more 

 sanitary precautions are found almost universally, where a few years ago any 

 sort of shelter and surroundings were considered good enough for a logger. 



Where there are families in camp there is almost always a convenient school. 



