That there was once a mixed woodland is told by the very few. remaining 

 trees, such as the white Hibiscus (Hibiscus Waimeae), a handsome tree with 

 large, white, showy flowers, which still exists in a small valley in company with 

 Osmanthus sandwicensis. At an elevation of 1000 feet, back of Makaweli, the 

 most common tree is Sapindus oahuensis, remarkable for its simple leaves. This 

 tree has hitherto not been reported from Kauai, from whence it must have come 

 to Oahu, being much more numerous on Kauai than on the latter island. 



The plants which make up the mixed woodlands are usually the same on all 

 the islands, with the exception of certain species which are peculiar to certain 

 localities. Among them are the following : Hibiscus Waimeae to Kauai ; Ptera- 

 lyxia macrocarpa, an apocynaceous tree with bright red double fruits, to the 

 Waianae mountains on Oahu; Pelea multiflora, a newly described species, to- 

 gether with P. cinerea var. racemosa, Hibiscadelphus Wilderianus, Sideroxylon 

 auahiense, all new to science, peculiar to the lava fields of Auahi, southern slopes 

 of Haleakala; and Pittosporum Hosmeri, Xanthoxylum dipetalum var. nov., 

 Kokia Bochii, and others, to Puuwaawaa, Kona, Hawaii; while Tetraplasandra 

 Lanaiensis and a few other species are found on Lanai only. 



Not all dry forests of the lower zone are, however, alike, some differing very 

 materially in possessing fewer species of trees than others, and thus form, so 

 to say, a transition type. On Maui the forest above Makawao, which gradually 

 passes into the middle forest zone, has a similar aspect to the dry forest on the 

 southern slope, but, being more to the windward side, and therefore receiving 

 more rain, is unsuitable for certain tree species, and thus less rich in species. 

 Between this forest, which is somewhat a mixture of rain and dry forest, since 

 it has suitable conditions for plants of both regions, and Kula, is now a large 

 treeless plain, with the exception of the intervening valleys, or rather old lava 

 gulches, with their precipitous walls, which show still a very interesting tree 

 growth, mainly composed of Sideroxylon, Xanthoxylum, Pseudomorus and Dra- 

 caena. The slopes of Kula, where once a beautiful dry forest existed, are now 

 bare owing to cattle, and the only trees still to be found are Dracaena aurea. 



At Ulupalakua native vegetation has disappeared entirely and only planted 

 Eucalypti are to be seen. The land of Ulupalakua must be extremly old, as not 

 much lava is visible, while the immediate vicinity shows lava flows of little age. 

 Several lava flows of various ages must have flowed down the mountain at in- 

 tervals of a century or perhaps more, which can be judged by the presence of 

 the various floral aspects on these different lava flows. The older lava flow has 

 been taken possession of by tree growth of such species belonging to the typical 

 dry forest as are more easily transported by either winds or birds and have the 

 advantage of becoming more easily established than others, while the newer and 

 also somewhat blacker flow is covered by a somewhat different vegetation, mainly 

 of introduced weeds, with here and there a native shrub. Beyond these flows is 

 the typical mixed or dry forest, undoubtedly of great age; its area is about 500 

 acres, and is mainly aa (rough) lava, very much disintegrated in some places, 



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