41C 



ARTIIROPODA 



appressed to the body, so that only indistinct contours can be seen (fig. 

 450). ]\Iotion is conlhied to bending of the whole body, as is familiar 

 in the pup;r of moths and butlerllies. The /)///>«- loarclalic are without 

 motion because here the pupa (in structure a pupa liljcra) is enclosed in a 

 larger coat, the last hirval skin (some llies). 



The variations among kir\;e are e\cii greater than with pupa-. Here 

 structure is so completely under the inllaence of en\-ironment tliat with 

 similar or dilTerent conditions Iar\;e widely remote, from the systematic 

 standpoint, mav closely resemble each otlier, while those of closely related 

 species may differ extremely. The leaf-feeding lar\'a' of Lejuiloptera 

 (fig. 460) and Tenthreds are brightly colored, the thoracic appendages 

 remaining small and reinforced by the fleshy \-eiUral [)i"olcgs. The pre- 



FiG. 459. 



1''IG. 4O1. 



Fig. 4(10. 



Fig. 459. — Pupa of Sphinx lixuslri (after Liulwif^-I.eunisV t, eve; ::, head: 3, 

 antenmc; 4-6, thoracic somite.^; 7, liind, 8, fore wIiil;; i), lei,'s; 10, prolHiseis; 11, alulonu- 

 nal somiles; 12, spirack'S. 



I-'IG. 4O0. — ],ar\-a of S/'IiiiLV lii^iislri (afler l.iulw is-Ijciinis). ;;, caudal disc; />, 

 thoracic feel; ps, proieLi;s. 



FiG. 401. — Larva (,maggol) of blowlly, Muscu voiiiilorij (after LeucliarlV 



daceous larva- of many beetles and Neuroptera have long thoracic legs, 

 strong manthbles, and no prologs. Other beetle larvx, which burrow in 

 wood or live in the earth, often h;ive the legs rtidimcnlary or wholly lack- 

 ing. These lead to the maggoldike lar\u-, in which the moulh parts are 

 inconspicuous and the distinction between head and thora.x may vanish. 

 Such soff-skinned tiniiukited sacs occur in the bees (fig. 50) aiul other 

 Hymenoptcra, as well as in many flies (lig. 461); that is, larva- which li\e 

 in an abundance of food either because of parasitism or because the 

 mother has pro\idetl plenty. 



