544 CHORDATA 



groups which are very different in anatomical characters. Section I. CiCONl- 

 FORMES, Beak with a strong horny coat. Ardca* herons; Ibis; Ciionii], 

 storks; Plia-iiiiOpUriis/'- flamingo. Section II. Gruiformes. Beak always 

 with soft skin at the base, often extending to the tip. Gnis,'" cranes; Ralliis* 

 rails; Otis, bustards, terrestrial. Section III. CH.\ii.\DRiFORMES. Allied to 

 auks and gulls. Scolopax.'-' woodcock; Cluradriiis/' plover. 



Sub Order V. SCAXSORES. Climbing birds; zygodactylc feet (fig. 504, 1,^), 

 toes 2 and 3 directed forwards, i and 4 backwards. The forms diller much in 

 structure and their association does not rest on blood-relationship. Section I. 

 CUCULIFORMES. The PsiTT.\ci, parrots, brightly colored tro]iical birds with 

 short, compressed, and strongly bent beak and lleshy tongue. But one species 

 (C^viurus carolinciisis'^) in the U. S. Cacdliia, PUi'tolophus, cockatoos; Mclo- 

 piillacifs, Psillaais, parrots. CrcuLi, bill slightly arched or straight; outer toe 

 usually versatile; Coa-yi^iis* cuckoos. Section II. Plc.^Ri.r,, woodpeckers; 

 long, straight, conical beak and long, protrusible tongue; P/f;(j-.=^ Nearly allied 

 are the toucans [RIiai)!f>liastos). 



Sub Order VI. PASSERES. By far the richest in species of the groups of 

 birds. They are altrices of moderate size, with slender feathered tarsi and 

 strong, hornv beak without cere. Of the three anterior toes the two outer are 

 either united or separated to the base (fig. 594, h), the hind toe is at a level with 

 the rest. In some, noticeable for the powers of song of the males, there are 

 special muscles to the syrinx which are lacking in other birds. These are 

 called Oscines, in contrast to the crying birds, or Clamatores. These groups 

 are further distinguished bv a large, freely movable hind toe in the Oscines, while 

 in the Clamatores it is restricted in its motions. 



Section I. OsciSES. All our song birds belong here: Frixc.illid-E, finches; 

 Passer domcsticits* English sparrow; Loxia,'-' crossbills; Icterid.e; Iclcnis,*' 

 orioles; Dolidnmyx/'' bobolink; Alaudid.e, Alaiida* sky-lark; Sylmcolid.t-:, 

 Deiidnrca* Hdmbithophaga,* warblers; Turdid.e, Tardus,'^ thrushes; 

 Siala* bluebirds; Hiritndixid.e, Hinoido* swallows; Troglodytid.e, wrens; 

 Corvid.e, Corviis* crows; Cyaiiociita* jays. The P.\r.\diseid.e, or birds of 

 paradise (fig. 15), with marked sexual dimorphism, are closelv related to the 

 crows. Section II. Cl.\il\tores. Here are frequently included a few groups 

 (CoTiNGiD.E, TYR_\xyiD.E) best developed in South America and the lyre birds 

 (jMenurid.e) or Australia. Earlier other forms were regarded as allied, but 

 now are separated as Cypseloniorphie, or Coraciformes. and united \\ith the 

 owls and Picarias, Cypseled.e; Clnclnra,'^ chimney 'swallow,' with adherent 

 feet (fig. 594, c). Trochilid.e, humming birds, best developed in tropica! 

 America; Trochihis* C^primuloid.e, night hawks; Aiilrostoinns vocifcnis* 

 whippoorwill. Alcedixid.e, kingfishers, Ccrylc.''' Buceroxtid.e, horn bills, 

 tropical. 



Sub Order VII. R.\PTORES, birds of prey; strong birds of considerable 

 size; tarso-metatarsus feathered and four strongly clawed toes of the raptalorial 

 type (fig. 594, (/). The beak is strong, the upper half, strongly hooked at the 

 tip, extending over the lower. The two groups probably are not closelv related. 

 Section I. F.\LC0>riFORMES. Slender birds with close plumage and extra- 

 ordinary sight; related structurally to the herons. C.vth.^rtid.e, buzzards; 

 Cathartcsaura* turkey buzzard. P.anptonid.e, PiT/nf/o); haJurtus,^ fish hawk; 

 F.\lconid.e: AquUafi Haliicliis* eagles; Biitrfl* buzzards; Ftilco,'^ falcons; 

 Accipitcr* hawks. Section II. Strioes, owls; compact birds with loose, 

 fluft'y plumage, large eyes in a circle of feathers; related structurally to the 

 Caprimulgida-. Bubo* horned owls; Scops* screech owls; Slrix* gray and 

 brown owls; Spcotyto,* burrowing owls. 



