(7) 
may also be regarded as indicating (Fr. S. 0. V. p. 235, where the former 
is referred to Usnea; Mont. Diag. Phycol. p. 2) the close relationship of 
the present genus to the preceding. 
III.—DACTYLINA, Nyl., emend. 
Tuckerm. Obs. Lich. in Proceed. Amer. Acad. 5, p. 396. Dufoures sp. 
dubia, Ach. L. U. p. 525; Syn. p. 246. Dufourese spp. Hook. Append. 
Parry’s 2 Voy.; et in Richards. Append. Frankl. Narr. p. 762. Du- 
fouree spp., Laur. in Sturm D. FL. 2, 24, p. 27, t.11,12. Koerb. Parerg., 
p. 15. Cladoniz dein Cetraria sp., Scher. Spicil. p. 48; Enum. p. 14. 
Evernie sect. 2, sp., Fr. L. E. p. 24. Everniz sect. 2, Tuck. Syn. N. 
Eng. p. 11. Dactylina et Dufourea, Nyl. Syn. 1, p. 286-7. Stizenb. 
Beitr. l.c. p. 176. Cladoniz? sp., et Pycnothelia, Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. 
p. 160; Gen. p. 112. 
Apothecia (quantum observ.) scutelleformia, subterminalia, disco 
thallo discolore. Spore spheroidez, simplices, incolores. Thallus 
erectus, dactyloideus ramosusve fruticulosus, turgidus, fragilis, intus 
stuppeus 1. subinanis. 
Needle-shaped, straight spermatia, on nearly simple sterigmas (Nyl.) 
have been observed in D. madreporiformis (Wulf.) Tuck. 1. c., the apo- 
thecia of which are still unknown. The resemblance of D. nvesricata 
(Laur.) of the Carinthian alps, since found at Bormio (Anz. Lich. Rar. 
Langobard. n. 18) at once to this species, and to D. ramulosa (Hook.) 
Tuck., is however too great to permit us well to doubt that the three are 
congenerical; and the apothecia and spores of the latter associate it with 
D. arctica (Hook.) Nyl. And whether or not we regard the type of Du- 
Jourea, Ach., as sufficiently determined by his figure of D. mollusca 
(Combea, De Not.) it seems plainly impossible to supplant the well-defined 
Dactylina of Nylander by any reconstruction of Dufowrea on the basis of 
D. madreporiformis. 
Three of the four small, cepitose, alpine or arctic earth-lichens, here 
brought together, are inhabitants of North America; and both of the 
species of which the apothecia are known, are confined to this continent. 
These apothecia often resemble young ones of Cetraria cucullata, but any 
final evolution like that of the Cetraria-fruit must be precluded by the 
cylindraceous thallus. They are still in some respects comparable with 
the shields of C. aculeata, in which, conditioned in the same way by the 
tubulose thallus, the obliquity of attachment more or less characteristical 
of Cetraria, is often obscure. 
The ‘more or less terete, within cottony and fistulous’ type of thallus 
of Dufowrea, Ach., which appeared sufficiently marked to induce him to 
arrange under his primary species (D. mollusca, L. U. p. 103, t. 11) several 
others (and among them D. madreporiformis) as ‘species dubie,’ the 
