(27) 
tropics, from the species to which it is here referred, extends far north- 
ward, occurring throughout the extent of the United States, as of Can- 
ada (A. T. Drummond) and presenting the maximum of development, as 
well as of typical distinctness attained by the genus.—P. Cocoes, a, is 
represented in Louisiana (Hale). 
Fam. 3.—UMBILICARIEI. 
Thallus horizontalis, foliaceus, coriaceo-cartilagineus, submon- 
ophyllus, substrato per gomphum affixus. 
XIII.—UMBILICARIA, Hoffm. 
Hoffm. Pl. Lich. 1,1, p. 9, et Fl. Germ. p.109. Fr. 8.0. V. p. 266; L. E. 
p. 347. Tuckerm. Syn. N. Eng. p. 69. Scher. Enum. p. 23. Norm. 
Con. p. 25, t. 2, f. 19, a, b.c. Nyl. Lich. exot. in Ann. 4, 11, p. 217; 
Lich. And. Boliv. in Ann. 4, 15, p. 375; Lich. Scand. p. 113. Gy- 
rophora et Lecides spp., Ach. Meth. pp. 85,100. Gyrophora, Ach. 
L. U. p. 36; Syn. p. 63. Turn. et Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 211. Eschw. 
Syst. p. 21. Gyromium, Wahl. Lapp. p. 481. Umbilicaria et Gy- 
rophora, Fée Ess. p. 68; Suppl. p. 8. Flot. in Bot. Zeit. 1850, p. 364. 
Naeg. et Hepp. in Hepp. Abbild. t. 1. Koerb. Syst. p. 93. Th. Fr. 
Lich. Arct. p. 163; Gen. p. 78; Lich. Spitzenb. p. 31. Mudd Man. 
Brit. Lich. p. 115. Stizenb. Beitr. 1. c. p. 156. Lecides spp., Mey. 
Entwick. Umbilicaria et Lecidez spp., Scheer. Spicil. pp. 80, 104. 
Graphidis spp., Wallr. Umbilicaria et Macrodictya dein Lasallia, 
Mass. Ric. pp. 59, 60; Mem. p. 118. 
Structuram exposuerunt Tulasne, Mém. p. 21, 181, t. 5, f. 5-20; 
Schwendener, Untersuch. 1. c. 3, pp. 150, 179, t. 8, f. 15-17, t. 10, f. 
10-13. 
Apothecia subscutelleformia, denigrata, plerumque demum lirel- 
loso-prolifera. Spore subellipsoides, e simplici mox granulose, 
rarius dein muriformi-multiloculares, fuscescentes. Spermatia ob- 
longa; sterigmatibus multi-articulatis. Thallus ut supra. 
It was long before the strangely modified apothecia of this genus were 
understood. Associated by Acharius with his Idiothalami, Umbilicaria 
came thus into a forced connection at once with Lecidea, and Opegrapha; 
and was reckoned as nearest now to the one and now to the other of 
these groups. Fries indeed remarked (L. E. p. 348) the ‘many approxi- 
mations to the present genus among the Sticte . . . and Parmelie, 
especially the exotic, umbilicate species of the latter, as compared with 
