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anomalies, so long as both find evident analogies, and shall we not say 
again their point of departure, in the Pannariei.! Pannaria contains 
not merely, as Dr. Stizenberger (Bevtr., 1. c. p. 172, not.) has observed, 
Collemaceous elements, but it does not appear to be conceivable without 
them. And these elements are traceable yet further back. It is in the 
Peltigerei, the centre of Parmeliacei,—in Sticta and Peltigera — that 
that modification of the gonidial system* begins which finds its explica- 
tion in the family before us; and well-known habit as much favours these 
indications of affinity in the higher Collemei to Sticta and other Peltigeret, 
as, in both higher and lower, to Pannaria. Nor are ‘true Lichens’ 
without other instructive evidences, in the humbler groups, of not dissim- 
ilar confusion and disintegration of thalline structure. 
These views, suggested by the observations on Pannaria lurida and 
P. tryptophylla, above indicated, find no uncertain support in Tulasne’s 
summing up of the results of his examination of the Collemaceous thal- 
lus. The details show, says this eminent botanist, whose remarks are 
largely illustrated by his exquisite figures, ‘‘ that the fronds of most sim- 
ple structure are yet very complex, both as respects the number and the 
varied form of their elements; which deprives of much of its value the 
proposed division of the thalli of Lichens into homogeneous and hetero- 
geneous. For the Collemas, which, according to Wallroth, should form 
alone the first class, are far from offering really homogeneous or similar 
fronds; and are by no means deprived absolutely, as Martius contends, of 
the gonimous layer.” Eventhe Lichine, to which Scherer (Enumn.) refused 
a place among either Lichens or Collemacee, ‘possess on the contrary, in 
an elevated degree, all the characters which distinguish the Lichens.”’ * 
en un mot, par une série de caractéres bien différents de ceux qui sont ojferts par le 
thalle des Lichénacés.” Nyl. Syn. Lich. p.12. ‘“ E stratis non distinctis 
intus e gonidiis sparsis l. varie concatenatis et filamentis hyalinis compositus.” 
Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p. 276. ‘‘ Thallo gelatinoso, homeomerico, substantie viridis 
Chlorophyll dictw egeno.” Stizenb. Beitr. 1. ¢. p. 189. 
1 Of the varied conditions of the gonimous system exhibited in Collemet none 
has so generally been accepted as characteristical, as the necklace-like strings, or 
chaplets of gonidia; but these are well marked in Pannaria lurida (Mont. sub 
Collemate) and are traceable no less in Pannaria fulvescens (Mont., sub Parmelia) 
the specimen (Herb. Mus. Par.) having been determined by Nylander; asin other 
species, here referred to Pannaria. 
2 Compare the passage from Schwendener, already cited at p.44. And see also 
De Bary (Morph. § Phys. d. Pilze, etc.) p. 259. In view of these observations, 
unknown to the writer at the time of the preparation of his text, as given above, 
it is impossible to question the close structural affinity of Peltigera, etc. with 
Collemet. 
3 “ Tes details dans lesquels nous venons d’entrer montrent que les frondes de 
la structure la plus simple sont encore assez complexes, quant au nombre et a la 
forme variée de leurs éléments, ce qui enléve beaucoup de valeur a la division pro- 
posée, des thalles des Lichens, en thalles homogénes (homewomerische oder gleich 
