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those of Verrucaria, or failing to emerge, simulate in this way those of 
Endocarpon, is it too much to say that their affinity to lower clusters of 
Pannariei is even more evident than that of the frondose Leptogia to the 
higher. 
The very bumble, granulose, frequently somewhat coralloid, or at 
length fruticulose lichens, thus provisionally brought together here, 
possess, as respects the mass of them, as already remarked, a parenchy- 
matous thallus; and only ascend to a distinctly Collemeine structure in 
one or two of the highest forms. With the exception of these last it is 
thus easy to compare the group with similarly reduced types of Pann- 
aria;+ and possible even, in the last resort, that very little of a dis- 
tinctive character should offer, to separate supposed species of Synalissa 
(as here taken) from the former genus, beyond a degree of diversity 
in habit. Nylander has indeed illustrated the similarity of gonidial 
structure, which should appear to associate the rest of the group 
before us as well with Synalissa, Mass., as with Omphalaria; but he 
declines, in both groups, to recognize species in which the collogonidia 
become finally concatenate. If these species ought really to be recog- 
nized as in fact belonging to Synalissa and Omphalaria, as natural 
assemblages, the question assumes a new phase. In one of Wahlen- 
berg’s original specimens (Herb. Fr.) of Pyrenopsis fuliginea (Wahl.) 
Nyl., a specimen in other respects closely accordant with the descriptions, 
the gonidia (collogonidia) are commonly grouped in short chains of three 
to even five members; a similar structure appears in Porocyphus areolatus, 
Koerb. (Herb. cel. Auct.) and is indeed one of the characters of that 
genus, in other respects, once more, sufficiently agreeing in thalline fea- 
tures with Pyrenopsis ; and finally there is nothing in the full description 
of Collema furfurellum, Nyl., (Lich. Scand. p. 28) which should forbid 
our citing it in the same connection. But lichens of this sort, with a 
parenchymatous thallus, little or no evidence of the Collemeine gelatin- 
ousness, and gonidia disposed in chains, may, habit apart, as well be re- 
ferred to Pannariei.— As respects the apothecia, with a few exceptions 
which are sufficiently regular, more or less inexplicate conditions prevail: 
in the reduction however of even the most extreme of these to the tribal 
type, we follow Sommerfelt’s explanation of the assumed Verrucariine 
fruit of S. fuliginea; and with equal confidence in the results. 
For the most part easily overlooked, it is probable that but a small 
proportion of the existing representatives of Synalissa, as it is taken in 
this place, is as yet known, or at least fully understood; and the group 
demands especial attention in North America. The whole number of 
published species is not far from forty, of which all but five are European ; 
1 The affinity is recognized by Anuzi, with whom (Catal. Sondr. consp. Syst.) 
Psorotichia finds a place with Lecothecium; and by Koerber (Parerg.) in his 
observations on the position of Pannaria Schereri, Mass. 
