(112) 
staff-shaped spermatia of which, taken in connexion with other features, 
refer it to a different section) from L. esculenta (Pall.) Eversm. So closely 
indeed is the latter associable (through ZL. affinis of the same author) 
with Z. fruticulosa, that it has even been doubted whether all three 
might not be states of a single species,’ probably always, when in situ, 
peltate. There is yet no doubt, from specimens received since the pub- 
lication of LZ. Bolanderi, that its fronds are developed from scattered, 
papilleform granules.——In L. thamnitis (Lich. Calif. p. 20) from the 
same region, where it was found by the same botanist, the short trunks 
are crowded together into a warted crust, contrasting indeed with L. Bo- 
landeri, but scarcely otherwise than as complicate states of L. rubina 
with monophyllous ones.——And finally in ZL. phryganitis (Lich. Calif. 
p. 19) we have neither the peltate fronds of Z. Bolanderi, nor the effuse 
crust of ZL. thamnitis, but dense patches, made up, at the centre, of 
crowded erectish trunks, which are elongated, at the circumference, into 
finally decumbent branches. All three are notwithstanding closely akin; 
and as closely related, by their apothecia, to the otherwise sufficiently 
diverse L. pinguis and even L. varia. It is clear then that the fruticulose 
species of Lecanora are intimately associable at once with the sub-folia- 
ceous, and the granulose; and our first division (Cladodiuwm) is but a 
modification of our second — Squamaria. 
The sub-foliaceous conditions of Lecanora make, as a whole, but a 
small part of the very numerous Hulecanorei; and less than twenty spe- 
cies are credited (Nyl. Enum. p.111. Lich. Scand. p.180) to Squamaria, 
almost all northern or austral lichens, rather inadequately represented as 
yet in North America. The fine terricoline species of the calcareous 
regions of Europe are indeed scarcely known here. But either L. crassa 
or L. lentigera (the single infertile specimen resembles both species) 
accompanies Placodium fulgens in the Bad Lands of Judith, Nebraska 
(Dr. Hayden) and is possibly significant of future accessions to our knowl- 
edge of this group from the same region.——L. Frostii, Tuck. Suppl. 1, 
l. c. p. 425. Obs. Lich. 1. ¢. 6, p. 267, an inhabitant of granitic rocks from 
New England to Virginia, is commonly sorediiferous, and fertile speci- 
mens have as yet scarcely occurred, save to the excellent cryptogamist 
1 “ Die dritte art” (L. fruticulosa) “ist durch die bei’m Zerbrechen kenntlich 
werdende Structur der zwetten so mit der ersten verbunden, dass man nicht nur die 
Beziehung derselben auf eine und dieselbe Gattung, sondern geneigt ist, noch einen 
Schritt weiter zu gehen und die Frage aufzustellen: ob wir nicht hier nur drei 
verschiedene Entwickelungs — und Ausbildungsstufen der einen Lecanora esculenta 
vor Augen haben, wie dieses unser College, Herr Eversmann, in seiner Abhandlung 
zur Gentige angedeutet, wenn auch nicht ausgesprochen hat.’ Fr. Nees rv. Esenb. 
Nachtrag tib. Lich. ese. in Act. Acad. C. L. C. Nat. Cur. 15, 2. The thallus in the 
first is yet fruticulose, and not properly isidioid; in whatever way we explain 
it. I possess original specimens of each of the forms described by Eversmann, 
through the kindness of the late Dr. Luce, of Berlin. 
