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XXXII.—DIRINA, Fr., Massal. 
Fr. §. 0. V. p. 244; L. E. p. 193, addita et Parm. sp., p.177. Mass. Sui 
Gen. Dirin. &c. Koerb. Syst. p. 154. Nyl. Prodr. p.97; Enum. Gén. 
p. 116. Th. Fr. Gen. p. 67. Lecanore sp., Ach. L. U. p. 361. Dirina, 
et Urceolariz sp., Scher. Enum. p. 92. Secolige sp., Norm. Con. p. 18, 
t.1,f.9,b. Lecaniz sect., Stizenb. Beitr. 1. c. p. 170. 
Apothecia scutelleformia, hypothecio corneo, nigro. Spore fusi- 
formes, quadriloculares, incolores. Spermatia acicularia, arcuata; 
sterigmatibus simplicibus. Thallus crustaceus, uniformis. 
Lecania, Massal., differs from Zecanora proper in nothing but the 
spores; which yet express only a different degree of evolution of the 
same type. But Dirina is remarkably distinguished by its black, horny 
hypothecium (excip. proprium, Fr. S. 0. V.) not however extending 
upwards into a margin. It is true that in some tropical Lecanore 
(L. granifera, Ach., placed by him next to L. Ceratonie ; L. mesoxantha, 
Nyl.; and LZ. subfusca v. melanocardia, Tuckerm. in Lich. Cub. n. 117, 
which perhaps is L. endophea, Nyl.)—all referable to the subfusca- 
group, the spermatia of which accord with those of Dirina—we have 
also a similarly discoloured hypothecium; but there is something distin- 
guishing in the habit of the type before us. It reminds us, as Fries has 
remarked, at once of Pertusaria and Urceolaria; and the place assigned 
to it by Nylander is exactly between these genera. Nor is Dirina with- 
out relations, sometimes proving difficult, to Graphidaccous types. A 
condition of D. Ceratonie@ is not a little suggestive of Chiodecton myrti- 
cola; and was referred to Chiodecton by Fée. And Platygrapha, Nyl., 
approaches even closely to the Lecanorine group before us. This is 
apparent in P. dirinea, Nyl., to which this author, above all others com- 
petent in the case, has referred Dirina multiformis, Mont. & V. d. Bosch 
(Herb. Jungh.!) and perhaps even more remarkably in Platygrapha Cal- 
ifornica, Nyl., described as a Dirina by the present writer (Lich. Calif. 
p. 17). 
Beside the two European forms or species, the genus is represented 
by a species from Chili; and another from the Cape of Good Hope (Nyl. 
Enum. Gén.). It has not yet occurred nearer to the North American 
continent than the Sandwich Islands, where a small form of D. repanda 
was found, on volcanic rocks, by H. Mann. 
XXXIII.—GYALECTA (Ach.) Anz. 
Anzi Catal. Lich. Sondr. p. 62, addita Biatorine sp., p.73; Manip. p. 146; 
Symb. p.11; Neosymb. p. 8. Gyalecte sp., Lecanore sp., et Lecidex 
spp., Ach. Syn. Gyalecta max. p., Parmelie sp., et Biatore spp., Fr. 
L. E. pp. 134, 194, 261, 264. Gyalecta, Phialopsis, Petractis, Secoliga, 
