(242) 
Borr.). Parasitical on Pertusaria pustulata, at Chelsea, and Milford, 
Massachusetts; and on Pertusaria-thallus in Henrico county, Virginia 
(Myself). New Bedford (Mr. Willey). South Carolina, on Pertusaria 
(perhaps leioplaca) Mr. Ravenel. —— C. leucopodum (Nyl. sub Sphinctrina, 
Syn. p.144). Parasitical on Pertusaria-thallus, Henrico county, Virginia. 
—— C. turbinatum, Pers. Parasitical on Pertusaria pertusa. Pennsyl- 
vania, Muhlenberg. Canada (Mr. Drummond). Very common at the 
North, and probably extending southward. 
LX.—CONIOCYBE, Ach. 
Ach. in Act. Holm. 1816, p. 283. Fr. S. 0. V. p. 276; L. E. p. 382; FI. 
Scan. p. 286; Summa Veg. Scand. p. 119 (excl. C. nigricante). Scheer. 
Enum. p.174. De Not. in Giorn. Bot. It., cit. Massal. Norm. Con. p. 27. 
Massal. Mem. p.159. Koerb. Syst. p. 318. Nyl. Monogr. Calic. p. 24; 
Prodr. Gall. p. 33; Syn. Lich. p. 16, t. 5, f. 37-43; Lich. Scand. p. 43. 
Th. Fr. Lich. Arct. p.251; Gen. p.102. Calicii spp., Pers. in Ust. Ann. 
Bot. Ach. L. U. p. 39; Syn. p. 61. Turn. & Borr. Lich. Brit. p. 119. 
Scheer. Spicil. p. 224. Chenothece sect., Stizenb. Beitr. 1. c. p. 157. 
Apothecia globosa, stipitata, excipuli proprii colorati margine 
subevanido. Spore e thecis cylindraceis mox eject, spheric, sim- 
plices, subincolores. Spermatia haud observata. Thallus crusta- 
ceus, uniformis, leprosus, 1. obsoletus. 
Calicium has been taken by some authors to have an originally open 
exciple, and C. turbinatum (Sphinctrina, De Not.) to be distinguishable 
by its exciple being originally closed. Any excipular envelope beside the 
veil, has sometimes been denied altogether to Coniocybe. Both distinctions 
are however, analogically, improbable. Nor am I able to find any differ- 
ence, in the originally closed condition of the apothecium, between 
C. turbinatum, and CC. pheocephalum, hyperellum, and trachelinum ; or 
to suspect fora moment the genuine exciple of Coniocybe. It is not so 
easy to examine satisfactorily the youngest, often minute conditions of the 
latter; but C. pallida and C. furfuracea v. sulphurella throw some real 
light upon the ultimate evolution of the genus, and permit perhaps the 
(more probable) supposition that the apparent, original difference in 
structure here, is not, at least, an absolute one. 
Beside this uncertainty as to the original condition of the proper 
exciple, and whether this, as well as the veil, at first entirely encloses the 
-spore-mass, we have left, to distinguish the present group from Calicium, 
the more marked biatoroid habit, and more nearly colourless, globular 
spores; or, as neither of these characters has much weight when viewed 
from the stand-point of Calicium § Cyphelium, only, at last, the globular 
outline and, by this determined, at length obscure margin of the fruit, —a 
difference which, as Scherer said (Spicil. p. 225) is far from satisfactory. 
